Contribution of Public to a Company's Marketing And Sales Efforts Essay

Contribution of Public to a Companys Marketing And Sales Efforts - Essay ExampleAn general theoretical emphasis of public traffic is based upon two important and fundamental arguments. Firstly, it is suggested that public relations are a manipulation whereas some see public relations as the dissemination of information, as well as promoting understanding among public and organization. As such, PR is also the art and word of analyzing and predicting events and assessing their possible impact on the organization and other stakeholders involved in the process (Heath, 2001). It is also scathing to note that communion is a relatively larger term which includes overall management of communication at the organization-wide level whereas public relation is considered as a narrow and focused use of communication between an organization and its public. It is therefore argued that senior managers of the organization should involve public relations managers in the overall decision-making process. This is because of the circumstance that public relation managers have to maintain external communication of the organization in a carriage which can leave a positive impact on the organization. It is also suggested that the public relations managers essential also develop open lines of communication with the managers in order to inform them about the possible consequences of the actions taken by the management (Smith, 2005). Public relations have been mostly associated with communication as described higher(prenominal) up however, communication in this regard has to be a two-way communication. It is also related to the maintenance of plebeian relationships between the public and the organization. Public relation is also considered as an intelligence function because PR managers... This pass over approves that Public Relations as a discipline has evolved over the period of time as more and more variations were added to it. In its essence, Public Relations or PR is a function of organizational communication wherein a firm tends to communicate with its public. Over the period of time, the way firms approach PR has changed and the role of PR has further dramatically changed during the financial crisis. Many now argue that role of PR is more of that of an intelligence and analytic role to provide strategic insights to the higher management of the firm. PR managers therefore now gather up to properly and regularly communicate with the managers to inform them the strategic significance of PR related issues.This paper makes a conclusion that in times of financial crisis, firms can increase their PR efforts by directly communicating with their target market. However, given the general sentiments about the firms, it is important that firms must accept the responsibility and become responsible for the crisis which has engulfed many developed countries. The use of social media can also be one of the key strategic assets available to PR managers to actua lly penetrate further into their target markets and develop one to one communication with their customers. Social media can also offer an opportunity to spread word of mouth hence PR managers need to design their strategies in a manner which can give them most exposure. A higher level of exposure can result in better marketing and improved sales for the firms.

Impact of e-commerce in Banking sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

conflict of e-commerce in Banking welkin - Essay ExampleThe concept of electronic commerce is descriptive of the process of conducting commercialized transactions of services, goods, and information by means of computer networks. In e-commerce products and services can be bought online. collect to the fact that the banking sector is probably the busiest service sector, running it efficiently ordinarily requires more manpower. Technological innovations much(prenominal)(prenominal) as computer based commercial transactions, however, do not usually need direct direction from workers, and thus have contributed towards banks being more efficient in their dispensation of services. In traditional banks manual services, consumers usually have to queues to get to the necessary services. The introduction of e-commerce brought a much needed change to combat such inconveniences (Mahdi and Mehrdad, 2010). Banks have to make use of the offerings of e commerce so as to remain relevant spot outwitting their competitors. In the banking industry, productivity is dependent on the speech communication of high quality services. E-commerce in the banking sector has to do with allowing customers to be able to access their bank accounts through the internet by means of a modem. Online banking options were root provided, in a limited capacity, by baking institutions in America in 1995. It has been speculated that this was as a result of the pressure faced by American banks as a result of aggressive contender between international banking institutions across the globe (Mittal and Sanjay, 2007). At first, the online services only had to do with providing customers with information nearly the various services that were being offered by different bank branches. The rapid development of communication technology witnessed in the last two decades, however, allowed for banks to start allowing their customers ways of accessing their accounts through the internet. Banks also made i t possible for customers to broadcast money while also being able to procure financial offerings on their behalf. Since then, there has been a rapid spread of the use of online banking options across the world. While, in traditional banking, workers handle all financial activities such as the provision of loans and the collection of deposits, in e-commerce in banking, a number of distribution channels ar used to supply information about banking transactions. In the use of e- commerce, banks use delivery formations such as digital television, cell phones, and laptops to relay information to their consumers. In transactions conducted through the traditional system of banking, earnings transactions are conducted through a bank branch. The utilisation of e-commerce in the banking system today, however, has allowed for the automated delivery of services to banking customers by use of the internet (Khalfan and Abdullah, 2006). In most banking facilities in developed nations, the elect ronic banking system involves the automation of factors such as ATMs, direct deposit, telephone banking, debit and credit cards, web-based banking, and bill payment. Most banking institutions some the world have some sort of e-commerce function. While some scholars have observed that e-commerce in the banking sector might soon be responsible for the abolition of traditional functions of banking, this is not likely unless banks begin to contact substantial profits through e-banking services (Kjell, VebjOrn and TjOstheim, 2006).

Women Power and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women Power and Politics - Essay ExampleIt occurs non because they are less active, unless because their presence in parliament or in judiciary is minor. Society of today does non speak out of governance as mens place, however, the treatment of woman-politician and man-politician is still not the same.European countries are supporting link of women in government because citizens of these states believe that a woman is more caring and thoughtful about her dry land and treats all in all people as her children. As Amy Sowder has noted, Ireland, Latvia, Finland, Philippines and other countries have voted for a female president, darn the Americans would neer do the same choice. Why Does it mean that American citizens do not trust women and do not believe in their ability to lead the country to the further prosperity It has been noted at the graduation exercise lecture that women use practical gender difference as the major concepts. I agree, because the American smart set is u sed to assumption that women are supposed to be subordinated by men and for this reason there is no place for them in politics.Amy Sowder used the words of Marie Young, Escambia Country commissioner, who said that men really believe that politics is their place, but because they cannot prevent women from political involvement they act as if men are just permit women to do it. Even though the article is written purely from feminine side, the point that women are satisfactory to push for change through teachers and parents is interesting and is reasonable. This quote is directly related to the concept of gender hurly burly - when people vote on the basis of gender. Women tend to express greater concern for social operate and are more affected than man in this issue. Therefore, women are more community oriented patch men are more power oriented. For this reason there should be a balance between women and men representation in politics. The author of the article Women in Sudan is f ocused on the representation of women in politics in Moslem countries. It is well-known that women from Islamic countries are lacking most of the rights granted to women in the rest of the world. However, the author notes that today the Islamic society has much changed women present a strong exterior, consume toughness of mind and spirit. It to look at Sudanese women, it can be boldly said they females in Sudan are in much better position than in other more developed countries. For example, the quota arrangement was developed under which women are guaranteed the seats in federal and state legislature. 25 percent of all federal seats are granted to women. The community understands that women can be effective in politics and change the life of citizens to better. The author expressed his opinion in the final two sentences It is very actualise that there claims by newspapers such as The Times that womens rights are in their infancy simply do not reflect the reality of the position, status and activities of women in Sudan. The fact is that within the Arab and Islamic world Sudan has led the look with regard to womens social, political and economic rights. I agree with this claim, but I wonder why the Islamic world were women were always in minor position has realized the benefits of womens participation in politics while United States has not I do think that women in politics are feministic issue because some(prenominal) men and women have equal abilities to think, to lead and to

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Answer questions - screen Example3. The foreign policies issues Mr.Obama is facing defy created atrophy in foreign policy something that has affected his domestic agenda. The President is being punched abroad as well as at home and the world at times seems as if it is falling apart, with the President not able to fix it. Due to a variety show of a few considerable missteps, situations beyond his power, unreasonable expectations as well as maddeningly weak conduct, Obama has open himself to criticism which he is not expressing a strong ,overarching outline for exercising American power Obama has also not been able to twist totalitarian leaders to Americas will.4.In case they control the Senate, the GOP have lined up an agenda which comprises of authorisation of the Keystone XL oil pipe, approval of fast-track trade authority, face-lift of medical tax as well as wiping out proposed environmental regulations.5.Republicans are planning to take up women voters by attacking the cla im by democratic that GOP policies usually do not promote women truth as well as honestly dealing with any disagreement regarding abortion before they give the sack on to other issues they may be

Gap Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gap summary - Essay ExampleToday, California program has led to an improved patients health trade needs.There has been sound off of burn out effects experienced by nurses both locally and internationally. With increasing health make do demands, the number of nurses employed has been constantly undesirable. The impact is a reducing in standards of health tutelage groundbreaking to the patients, and the nurse-patient contact has significantly reduced. According to 2010 study by University of Pennsylvania, 29% of the nurses interviewed in California complained of excessive realize and burned out effect (Levin 2013). In addition, 34% in New Jersey and 36% in Pennsylvania highlighted lack of minimum supply requirement as a great hindrance to choice health care (Levin 2013).High number of staff employed translates to quality of care given to patients. Where thither are few nurses, there are a high number of complication of diseases and sadly, deaths. A proportional analysis of th e two states indicated that there were 13.9% fewer surgical deaths in California than of New Jersey. Besides, according to the 2007 health check Care Report, it proved that an increase of one Registered Nurse (RN) per patient translated to 24% reduction in eon taken by the patient in the intensive care unit. Besides, there was a 31% reduction of time take in the surgical unit (Levin 2013). Basing on the consistency of the information, it is, therefore, important to enforce nurse-patient ratio. Evidence-Based course session is consistent on the importance of having one nurse to one patient in intensive care unit while one nurse for six patients is desirable in surgical cases. The nursing staff ratio is critical in ensuring timely and appropriate nursing care is given to the patients.Levin (2013) states that the Nurse-patient ratio has been the capacity of discussion in the health care for a few decades. As primary health care givers, their role is holistic, this is an evolutionar y approach in responding to the

A Report On Observation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Report On Observation - Assignment ExampleIntroduction I spent about 10 hours ob part at the SAY San Diego After School Program at Hearst Elementary in San Diego, CA. The children ranged from Kindergarten to 5th grade, which is approxim havely three to eleven years of age, and numbered up to 90, depending on the day. The chopine utilized the auditorium, cafeteria, outside eating ara, and the playground of an older train. Snacks were served on each school day, and the children ate tiffin together on one day (minimum day for the school). Each day also had between 45 and 90 minutes of play, some guided, some free time. Discussion The day care program passing observed hygiene measures. Teachers and students were expected to wash their hands after playing outdoors, before eating (and serving the food), and after using the restroom (Marotz, Cross, & Rush, 2011). Teachers are not allowed to enter the restrooms, unless there is an emergency, so they could only if visit the cleanline ss of childrens hands after they exited the restroom, but all children were examined to make sure the hands were clean looking. each child who did not have clean hands was sent back in to wash with whip and water. It was hard to gauge the number of children who followed the turn procedure as many of the children are out of mess hall from the staff when washing their hands. Though when they washed their hands in the activity room, the result was about 65% followed the correct procedure. The general faults made were in making sure the backs of the hands got soaped up and in wash off the soap completely. This is because most of the children washed their hands in haste. When the children were being observed in this room, they were reminded of the correct way of washing their hands by observing their instructors of who always used the correct procedure (Marotz, Cross, & Rush, 2011). The school does not have access to warm water as all the taps are of unheated water. The program ca nnot fix this fault. There were no children in diapers as most of the young children were old sufficiency to use the restroom under the supervision of their teachers. The program and facility do a fantastic business organisation on attempting to prevent infections. The school has two full-time custodians, who clean the areas inside and around the program. The workers cleaned all the surfaces that the children worked, played, and ate on. This they always did before the program opened. They did the same after they are used by the children. Each teacher also carries a first aid pack with him or her at all times. I only saw one child who needed a Band-Aid. Because of the rules and regulations handed down to the program by its prove non-profit committee and the school district that owns the facility, teachers are only allowed to put a Band-Aid on a child. They cannot help oneself clean any wound, and they cannot put any medication on the area if it is not prescribed by a physician (Ma rotz, Cross, & Rush, 2011). I believe this could be fixed if the program could afford a bear on duty at all times, but unless the parents of the children decided to pay for it, that will not happen. The youngest children are kindergarteners, and all students in the program are expected to be potty trained. Teachers are always with children at the bathrooms, but they never go in with the children. I saw no safety issues that were out of the commonplace for the children during school time. They played on an asphalt playground that had dirt and sand that had blown on to it, so there was a slipping

Accountability, representation & control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Accountability, representation & delay - Essay ExampleAccounting is the means to appreciate performance and maintain control in the organization. All organizations and businesses utilize some form of business relationship whether it is underlying ledgers or management and speak to account statement. Accounting is the means to identify elements of sales, expenditure and profit as easy as budgets, inventory and forecasts. Thus it is a method of achieving accountability as it monitors and accounts for either financial effect and thus keeps a check on fraud, embezzlement and suspicious acts within the firm. However, accounts focuses on quantitative quite than qualitative data. It does not measure qualitative performance data such as satisfaction, achievement of goals, contemplate commitment and quality among otherwises. Accounting does not take into account the surroundingsal degradation, labor practices, work environment and safety rules and regulations. Thus the issue of w hether accountability in an organization is best measured by score is a complex one. Accountability is the willingness to assume responsibility for ones actions. In the organizational context, every employee is responsible for his actions at the workplace and thus he should be held accountable for them. In order to be effective in maintaining accountability within the organization, organizations need to be focused on setting goals that are measurable and train employees to feel accountable for their actions. Consequences of their actions should be predefined and communicated and the organization should implement the rules that it has set. (Building Organizational Accountability). Apart from inside accountability, the concept of the organization be accountable for its actions is extremely important. As organizations develop into powerful systems that affect the foundation and its citizens they need to be held accountable for their decisions and policies. Accountability in the fi nancial context does control performance and finance however it is not really effective in controlling child labor and sweat shops. Is accounting the most effective means of achieving accountability in organizations? All organizations are involved in allow keeping they keep accounts of their costs and expenditure and their sales and revenues. This results in accountability of the actions of managers and employees. At a higher(prenominal) level for corporations, audits provide accountability for processes and procedures as well as transparency and accuracy of accounting records. inborn audits result in employees being accountable to the company for their actions and external audits result in the organization being accountable for its procedures and policies. The Enron case resulted in stricter guidelines for organizations regarding representation, transparency and control. The Sarbanes Oxley 302 and 404 focus on corporate governance and practices that better control the organizatio ns practices and prevent corruption. However, as accounting and auditing deal invariably with financial aspects and maximization of stockholder value, it is vital to establish the basics of accounting which is cost. The concept of cost is the fundamental of finance. However, in accounting cost is monetary cost associated with consumption of resources whereas in economics cost includes opportunity cost which is the cost of done for(p) alternatives. In actuality, consumption of a resource leads to many costs including the cost to society, cost to environment and other living things for example an organization manufacturing furniture will only take into account the cost of labor, materials and processes still not the costs of deforestation and environmental degradation. Thus the concept of cost used in accounting is extra and hence every control or measure implemented by accounting methods is limited to that definition of cost that does not hold the organization for costs it imposes on others. (M. Chwastiak) This results in the

The death penalty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The death penalisation - Research Paper exerciseNotably, the rate of death penalty punishments is decreasing although or so countries are still practicing it. Indeed, Amnesty International notes that USA, Japan, some African states, China, many Asian and Middle Eastern countries retains the death penalty punishment (Amnesty international 1). As such, death penalty exists in many countries and many American citizens, political leaders, and religious leaders induce been victims of the death penalty.The continued use of the death penalty is because of its effectiveness in controlling capital offences and variation justice. Various countries and religions have different definitions of crimes that may lead to a death penalty as sound as distinct methods of carrying out the punishment. Crimes that may lead to a death penalty include murder, treason, rape, terrorism, and even off adultery in the Muslim religion. However, in all cases, intentional murder leads to a death penalty. Meth ods of writ of execution a death penalty include hanging, stoning, lethal chemicals, firing squad, and beheading. Nevertheless, in all religions, there must be enough evidence against a convict in a due court fulfil for the court to prescribe a death penalty where the burden of proof rests with the complainant or the prosecutor.thither have been numerous debates and opinions in support and against the death penalty where Amnesty international condemns the death penalty in all cases regardless of the characteristics of the offender, nature of crime, or the method of execution (Amnesty international 1). Moreover, the Universal contract of Human Rights states that death penalty is a denial of the right to life (Oklahoma Coalition to Abolish the conclusion Penalty 1). Indeed, it confirms that the death penalty is a violent practice, and does not accord justice to either the incriminate or the offended (Center for Constitutional Rights 1). Proponents of

What role does Lex Mercatoria Play in international commercial Essay

What role does Lex Mercatoria prank in international commercial message contracts - Essay ExampleXX century was marked by the quick surge in international economic relations, which led to an increase of the world trade volume and speed up the trade turnover between partners from different countries. But amid the dynamic changes of relations in the international commercial turnover, the legal regulation of these relations did not undergo a radical transformation. Such means as collision and substantive rules of national legislation of parties in dispute or the provisions of international contracts were traditionally used. However, in recent years the existence of a certain group of relations, which regulation goes beyond the qualify levels, manifested itself. These are relations developing in the act upon of international trade implementation. Trade has always been a key element in international relations. Due to trade, the exchange of knowledge, customs and traditions among dif ferent peoples occurred. Trade also encouraged the development of other economic activities (e.g., banking, insurance and so on.) Any actively developing phenomena use up adequate regulation otherwise, it is impossible to achieve the objectives, pursued by members of the international commercial trade. In this case, the utensil of regulation must meet, on the one hand, the interests of the market, and, on the other - the needs of the participants of trade relations (Selden, 1995). neutral reality of today is the inability of national legislations to fully resolve the whole range of problems, arising in the process of international commercial

Stem-Cell Research Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stem-Cell Research - Term Paper exemplarThe practical use of blood radix use has been in existence for over 40 old age with many clinical trials using tissue derived floor cells (Hug, 2010 104)Today stem cell research has developed into oneness of the most promising and influential fields of medical science. The nature of its experiments and methods, as well as the results, has excessively made it easily the most controversial. Its connection with cloning has opened it up to attacks from religious groups and with many believe that the science aims at enabling humans to play god. Stem cells argon cells with the ability to divide indefinitely and result in a variety of specialized cells in a process known as developmental plasticity. This ability is common in embryonic cells, and they give the cells the highest potential for growth. Moreover, stem cells can be categorized into three different groups based on their differential abilities. Namely, embryonic, liberal, and foetal st em cells, it is worth noting that adult stem cells have only recently come to be discovered since the presupposition was they rarely contain stem cells, this has been proved wrong by recent research . Tominipotent cells are to be frame in just in early embryos from an individual cell in this category, a complete organism can be formed. On the other hand, pluripotent cells exist as undifferentiated in blastocyst (Popular issues 2012). ... Embryonic Stem Cells one of the distinguishing characteristics of the embryonic stem cell is that it can transform into any other cell ranging from brain to colorful cells. The chief source of these cells is the fertilized eggs from couples who are going through the In Vitro Fertilization. The 5 to 6 years old pluripotent embryos can differentiate into any one of the three germ layers (Appasani, 2010 pg 182) After the separation of the stem cells, replication of stem cell into stem cell lines follow that is a tedious process which does not guar antee results. Replication of stem cell lines may go on in culture dishes unmeasured times and through a period of many years. Adult Stem Cells These can be found in both children and adults with the name setting them apart from the other kinds of stem cells. Adult stem cells are evident in human beings, but the process of their isolation and identification is what tasks specialists in this field. Consequently, the there is no clear cut information on whether they have restrictions to a variety of cells in relation to integrity tissue type or if they can exist as any tissue type (University of Edinburg mirror symmetry 6). Foetal Stem Cells Unlike the other cell types, the foetal stem is easier to collect and have a lower likelihood of rejection (University of Edinburg Para 9). They are collected from aborted fetuses, the umbilical cord, or the placenta, however, Albeit considerably differentiated they assuage have the potential to morph into other cell types making them excellen t for transplant. However, the downside of these is that they can transmit agent such as leukemia that may not have been detected in the fetus. Besides, there is a embarrassment of moral and ethical issues, bearing in mind

My personal capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My personal capital - Essay ExampleWhat exactly will be the character of telephone circuit under the plan for my group? As a business consultant and empanelled with local chapter of bedroom of commerce, I will seek to organize a seminar on emerging businesses that hold local as well as international venturing. Technical experts from various fields will be invited to cook expose in the workshop and sermons forming part of this seminar. Ideas about new products and services on the horizon will fail exchanged and after attaining details about two or three alternative ventures from these workshop and discussion forum the matter will be deliberated at the group level in order to take a final decision about the venture to be pursued. Next step will involve utilization of my capabilities in deciding the type of business entity to be established for the business. Do we need to interconnected our business or form a partnership is a crucial decision to be taken? The fact is that the na ture of your business is one of the factors that must be evaluated in determining the best business entity for your business.(Sherri K. DeWitt) . Though corporation provides certain protection from liabilities to shareholders, but partnerships have certain advantages as well. Partnership fag be a general partnership or limited liability partnership. Then there is another(prenominal) alternative in shape of LLC. So the decision about incorporating the business or not is a crucial one and my experience and capabilities intuit me to suggest corporation status as the business should forever and a day be of permanent nature and not depending upon the vagaries of ownership.

Letter of Intent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

letter of Intent - Essay ExampleHaving achieved Magnet designation and being recognized as a depicted object Cancer Institute Cancer Center and an exceptional Level 1 Trauma Center, I am fully aware that the University of Virginia Health System has been known to have established profound commitment to corporation service and devotion to leadership in healthcare and research. To align with this sense of mission, I would like to be identified with its continuous drive toward innovation and excellence to ensure the highest quality of care attainable. I hanker to adequately take part in significant changes that make the pharmacy department up-to-date in meeting current demands as impressive as the ongoing hospital expansion. If possible, I look away to pioneering a much-improved patient care, one that goes with deeper levels of enthusiasm and compassion, thereby surpassing traditional expectations. I also spirit strong about plans for new-made pharmacy model as to engage them at de pth, imagining the flexibility I would enjoy having to work with almost the entire clinical staff upon rotation within multidisciplinary teams.After soundly speaking with Scott Joiner and Dr. Stephanie Mallow-Corbett regarding the opportunities at the University of Virginia Medical Center, I am convinced with utmost sincerity that these potentials are well-suited to be carried on here as I proceed to seek further growth in fulfilling my responsibilities as a registered clinical pharmacist. I do believe that this position makes an ideal opportunity to collaborate with peers who would be interdependently capable of helping me continue to strengthen applicable analytical skills, entertain difficult tasks and willingness to discern new set of values and skills in keeping up with development and advances intended for pharmacotherapy under multidisciplinary approach.I am confident that my knowledge, ambition, and strong leadership

Analysis of Mills Utilitarian Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Mills Utilitarian Theory - Essay ExampleIf all(prenominal) persons yearn for happiness, then morality will be first rated in the orderliness.Of essence, Mill brings out the invite that utilitarianism is based on happiness, and happiness comes from justice and existence of rights in the golf-club. In summary, Mill argues that though controversies on wrong or right overtake the theory, especially in terms of morality, the theory hold a lot of signifi piece of tailce. A discovery of the basics of wrong and right would create a situation whereby they would be applied with a lot of ease. The ends of the actions by persons also determine what is heartfelt and what is wrong. Drawing a product line between wrong and right creates a society which has some sense, since all actions are directed towards the good of the society. Of essence, Mills utilitarian theory is out to bring systems into place that will allow the society function not only in a just manner, but also in the pallidity that it deserves. If these rules and foundations are adhered to, it is possible that the society function in an orderly manner. The views brought forward by Mill can be justified, as he bases foundations of morals throughout the work. This interprets that all actions, according to Arthur, must be canvas in terms of their good and evil. This means the moral nature of actions determine reasoning of right or wrong. Culture and stability of the society has also been analyzed. Mill is of the opinion that morality is special in the society since it shapes the actions portrayed by individuals. This has been termed as the concept of utility

Seamus Heaney Mid-Term Break Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Seamus Heaney Mid-Term Break - Essay pillow slipHaving learned of what happened while away at school, Seamus spent the school day at the sick bay laurel or clinic where he heard the school chime ring between classes. In his mind, the bell was confusable to the paling of the church bells during a funeral. The last bell of the day signaling the end of class afterward all.Returning home, he did not have a very clear picture of what tragedy had fair(a) beset his family. So he met with the mourners with a sense of detachment. Henry was touched by the way that his convey Big Jim Evans showed emotion at the death of his younger brother. Knowing his father to be a arduous and somewhat stoic man, this was one of the few prison terms that Seamus actually saw his father saddened by an event. grief is a very powerful emotion that the man seemed able to convey to his oldest give-and-take only by shaking his hand and letting him know what a big blow the death of the middle son was.Why d id the Old Man stand for Henry when he arrived and shook his hand? In the family, he was the eldest son and as such, he was second to his father in commanding the respect of the community. By standing up to greet him, the Old Man acknowledged his presence and his authority in the family. Indeed, their placement was quite unusual and that is why Henry seemed lost and confused when the Old Man and others began to stand up to greet and speak to him upon his arrival.This is one of the saddest poems that I have ever read. From the beginning of the second line, it was already perspicuous that this was not a poem that was going to end with a happy recollection of a time past. Using assonance and alliteration, Seamus Henry managed to emotionally involve his readers in the death of his brother. Describing the ringing of the school bell in relation to a funeral indicates that he felt heavy at the thought of time belatedly passing.A lyrical poem, one

Expanding the Oral Care Group in India Case Study - 1

Expanding the Oral cover Group in India - Case Study Example50% of the population is non concerned for vocal hygiene. Those parts of the potential customers compulsion awareness first of all about the oral health.Secondly, they are not in a reach of oral health care products as the disposable incomes of people funding in rural areas have $2 per day, in comparison of urban population who are soused and they have great purchasing power. There is a shortage of dental care personnel in rural areas specially, single personnel handles thousands of dental patients. In addition, people with only last income consult dental professionals as they cost very high (Bruce, Moore, & Birtwistle, 2004). That defines the problem of affordability to the consumers.And the third is Accessibility, in which the director of the company, Brinda Patel want her passenger car to make a new market plan and she want to increase the social unit sales about up to 30% of toothbrushes in India by spending 3 % more in advertising budget, as her previous project in Thailand went successful. Whereas, manager Michael Lang is concerned if the strategy of increasing advertising budget more than Thailands budget will affect the sales positively as there are many cultural barriers in each region of India. The projections could go wrong, whether they can access the products and accept the change in oral health as they are using Neem twigs and tobacco and ashes since ages.Brinda believes that rural area need more hygiene protection messages and has a strategy to market its premium products and convince customers to switch to high range of oral care products, that might help the company to reach up to 30% per unit sales(Rudolf R. Sinkovics, 2009).On the other hand, Michael suggested not increasing the advertising budget and applying strategies in urban market to pore and persuade first time users of tooth brush and later spend on when they become habitual.Applying marketing strategies suggested by Brinda over rural areas

Identify Key Technological Influences On the Internationalisation Essay

Identify Key Technological Influences On the Internationalisation Process - Es understand ExampleThis probe stresses that if a comp whatever needs to decide the strategy to be used to help it improve the boilers suit move and internationalisation process then the company requires to have the available knowledge to do so. reading overload is a high issue that is being faced by most professionals. Intelligent actor is a related technology, which provides a chance to roam networks and selectively refer users to information that would prove to be useful and beneficial. However, it is clear that the best intelligent agent is a human being by himself. It is pellucid that computers are useful in KM as they do not slow down the instruction, simply help the KM to be more efficient and effective in order to support learning to a greater extent.This paper makes a conclusion that the main aspect and factors that affect the internationalisation of any business is the knowledge that is shar ed within the organisation and the ability of the company to transfer the data and earthy information into understandable knowledge. Based on this, it is essential to understand that KM can be alter not only based on the amount of money spent on it but overly a great deal of focus is required to be on the efforts of the management process. It is safe to say that knowledge has already grown largely and it has sprain one of the most essential aspects of any business. It has become a major driver and money is now slowly phasing out of the scene and as the obsolescent saying of Knowledge is king, is now being put to use in almost all industry and every company across the world.

Discrimination Paper Essay Example for Free

Discrimination Paper EssayAs you all probably know variation is each situation in which a group or individual is treated differently based on roughlything former(a) than individual reason, usually their membership in a socially distinct group or category. These categories include ethnicity, sex, religion, age or disability. Discrimination can be thought of as favorable or unfavorable however, today, discrimination is usually considered unfavorable. Racial discrimination, discrimination against women, and discrimination outside the joined States, are some of the most common types of discrimination in the world. One of the most pervasive forms of discrimination in the United States is directed toward racial groups. There has always been conflict among the different races of people. The administration of the United States recognized the nearness of slavery, the ultimate form of discrimination. Black manlys are one of the most common victims of discrimination. For example, a b lack male in the ghetto walks into a convenient store, the first thing that comes to the clerks mind is robbery or maybe tied(p) worse. African-Americans and separate people of different races other than white hold always been mistreated or judged just because of their color. Racial discrimination against Hispanic-Americans is also widespread. Employment, housing, and access to the judicial system is a problem for people other than whites. Asian-Americans also suffer discrimination. During World War II, the Japanese were forced to evacuate from the West Coast.American women have been victimized by discrimination in voting, employment, and other civil rights. Women were once known as housewives, and some men and women still suppose that is what a woman should be. Not only do people think women shouldnt work, but they dont think they should vote, serve on juries, or do anything else other than sit at home and do house work. In the late 160s women unionised to demand legal equali ty with men. They organized into the National Organization for Women and other groups for education, employment, and government. In 17, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was passed to the Constitution and submitted to the states for ratification. The ERA was suppose to eliminate legal discrimination against women, but it was non approved by the 18 deadline. Working toward the ERA built a skilled leadership of female politicians and lobbyists.Most nations practice discrimination against foreigners within their borders. It may be religious, such as Muslims against Jews, Protestants against Catholics racial, or sexual discrimination, as in umpteen countries where women have few rights. People in other countries are always fighting because of discrimination. International efforts to armed combat discrimination were minimal until the passage of the United Nations Charter in 145. The charter encourages respect for human rights and unplumbed freedoms for all without distinction as to ra ce, sex, language, or religion.Discrimination causes great conflict among many people. Regardless of race, religion, sex, or any other characteristics, a person should not be discriminated. Discrimination is one of the reasons this country is go apart. Every man and woman whether they are black, white, yellow or green should be able to equally do what ever they wish. Most people dont realize that every person, color not mattering, came from the same place.

To teach children Essay Example for Free

To teach children EssayThe lesson plans on Comparing poems and patterns tested the students abilities to distinguish similarities and differences. request the students close details on the story helps them comprehend the story well. The Venn diagram visually segregates the commonalities and the differences. The lesson plan on patterns also made them witting of colors and shapes and sizes which is good for all members of the family. Many children enter first cross with the expectation that they atomic number 18 going to learn to hit the books. They have enjoyed a variety of experiences that have made them aw ar of the fact that spoken language stern be represented by written forms. Not including the children who are among the 1 to 2 percent who can read primary-level materials when they enter first variety, in the first grade that I am handling, there are several children who can identify familiar brand names they have seen advertised on television and in the supermarket, allow road signs, and read their own and peradventure almost of their friends names.From having looked on and asked what a word was as some unmatched read to them they have learned to recognize the written forms for a few familiar voice communication. The might also know, from having followed along as parents or teachers read to them, that one reads a line from left to right and proceeds from the end of one line to the outset of the next line. Other children might not have enjoyed similar experiences, although they may be just as eager to learn to read.For these as well as the other children, an environment that stimulates a curiosity about and interest in reading will provide the setting and a reason for learning to read. What can a teacher do to make the classroom a laboratory for beginning reading? here(predicate) are some suggestions from my own experience Fill bookshelves with colorful picturebooks and storybooks. These are books which children can look at themselves or w hich will be read to them. Place some books on a table to move in the childrens attention.Some might be open to encourage handling and examination. Chairs should be placed nearby for anyone who wishes to look at the books. Attach childrens name tags, written in manuscript, to the front of each ones place at a table or desk. The same might be through to identify the childrens storage bins and clothes hangers. Attach signs, in manuscripts, to objects or stations in the suite For example, the wordswindow, door, supplies, pencils, crayons, etc.One of the purposes for having these captions, signs and labels in the classroom is to help the children become word conscious. Another is to land the idea that written words may be used like spoken ones. A triplet purpose is to provide Here is an example of a lesson plan aimed at teaching children how to begin reading. LESSON platform AIM To teach children how to begin reading MOTIVATION How children respond to different kinds of experience s provides a good reading of what they are likely to do when they are exposed to more formal reading activities.LINK TO previous KNOWLEDGE The synthetic approachthe study of separate sounds with their associated written forms followed by the blending of known sounds into wordsis not preferred. Two other systems, treated separate or blended into a favorable mix, some closer to meeting childrens learning requirements these are the language-experience approach to reading and the basal reading program. each(prenominal) program is characterized by its own set of distinctive features, although variations in the ways they are developed are common.

War and the Soul Essay Example for Free

War and the Soul EssayToday, the depiction of war is becoming more vivid and heartyistic. Audiences argon more critical of how a move catches the actual events that transpired and of how they can relate to the emotions in the video. The movies economic system head-to-head Ryan and We Were Soldiers are two of the intimately popular modern day films with the subject of two different wars, man War II and Vietnam War respectively. They contri only ife similarities in many aspects However, they realize even more differences. They have completely different themes, and completely different objectives. This paper explores on how these two films are alike and how they differ.When business Calls A Comparative Film Review There has been much development in the movie labor since the onset of computer graphic imaging. This technology has enabled producers to depict subjects that were con military positionred impossible. Today, humans are capable of transcending limitations on peri od and cultural differences. They can reenact historical events, reconstruct buildings, and recreate natural sceneries. Equipped with a sulky screen, computers, and actors, an entire war can commence right before an audience. With twain simple and complicated movie techniques, anything is accomplished.The movies Saving non normal Ryan and We Were Soldiers share a cat valium subject and this is war. This topic has interested the curiosity of millions of viewing audience since time immemorial, as those who have witnessed it want to confirm the events and those who did not wish to learn the events. Both tackled common themes and presented different angles of a war. They share many similarities and possess many differences. But there is one substantial aspect that both these movies have successfully translated. This is the price that war claims to those it chooses to affect (Spielberg, 1998 Wallace, 2002).Both stories of these masterpieces were derived from two of the most engagin g events in the history of mankind. Saving Private Ryan was based on the life of a real individual named Sergeant Frederick Niland, a United States paratrooper sent to France on D-Day. We Were Soldiers, on the other hand, is a version of the book written by Lieutenant Colonel Harold G. Moore and Joseph L. Galloway about the multitude engagement in the la Drang Valley in 1965. Both contained fictional characters and modified events, but little truths must be alter in set for the actual truth to emerge (Spielberg, 1998 Wallace, 2002).Saving Private is neither a biopic nor a tale of valiance. Its story is a protest against the wraths of war and how humans condemn it. It has clear anti-war sentiments, as characters struggled by means of the horrors of war and suffered both insanity and distraught. The D-Day amphibious invasion at Normandy was an excellent prologue to the film. It had brutal depictions on the con sequences of macrocosm a soldier, on the gruesome reality of combats , and the uncertainty of life. It is a story of comradeship, of realization of fears, and living an edge away from death (Spielberg, 1998 Wallace, 2002).In addition, We Were Soldiers is a film that shares absence of political themes of war. The primary objective of both movies is to relay to the audiences the lives of soldiers as soldiers, who are entities that can be separated from the entire picture of military and political debate. They are men who chose to be in the line of duty and take arms in order to fight for what they believe is righteous. But We Were Soldiers portrayed a relatively more intimate aspect, the scenario of the soldiers relationships with those they left at home.It prudently conveyed the lives that soldiers have before they leave for an assignment and after they have accomplished their missions (Spielberg, 1998 Wallace, 2002). In the sequence where Mel Gibson with Madeline Stowe and Chris Klein with Keri Russell were spending their last night together prior t he soldiers departure for war, the intense emotions were effectively depicted. It relayed the fear beingness contained when lovers are being parted without any assurance of reunification. It is a scene where there is pain because of the uncertain. some other important aspect of war that this movie portrayed was not only the lives of men in the battle zones, but also those of their families awaiting their return. In the scene where the women would gather together and watch television for updates, one would feel the intensity of fear that these women are trying to suppress within. They would not want to cry until they hear something concrete, but just the prospect of losing their husbands is cruel. Every knock on their door was a possibility of the word that they have lost their beloved men (Spielberg, 1998 Wallace, 2002).Both movies focused on a hero, an officer of a military unit. Tom Hanks was the captain in charge of a platoon assigned to search for Private James Ryan season Me l Gibson was also the captain leading his men through Vietnamese jungles. In Saving Private Ryan, heroism is to fulfill ones duty, regardless of its nature. As long as it contributes to the efforts of war, and that it is a soldiers mission, then one is to be considered a genuine soldier. In We Were Soldiers, heroism is making a decision, although noxious for a certain number of people but crucial for the entire outcome of the war.Saving Private Ryan was not a film about a countrys victory or defeat. It is a story of personal victory in ones struggle to maintain his conviction amidst a world gone half mad. We Were Soldiers, in contrast, is about how a military unit lost a critical battle and most of the men involved (Spielberg, 1998 Wallace, 2002). Both shaped the American understanding of the realities of war. Because of these movies, the public has learned to further their appreciation of the sacrifices that men in uniform give in order for mollification to prevail.The price is c lear, their lives and the structure of their families are put in the line of fire each time they circuit card the helicopters or boats in order to fight in the beaches or jungles. Both movies gave significance to the human side of war, concentrating on the people that comprise a war and how a war shaped these people (Spielberg, 1998 Wallace, 2002).ReferencesSpielberg, S. (Director). (1998). Saving Private Ryan. Motion Picture. United States Amblin Entertainment. Wallace, R. (Director). (2002). We Were Soldiers. Motion Picture. United States Icon

Budget Management and Variance Analysis Essay Example for Free

reckon Management and Variance Analysis EssayA cypher is a tool that attends coachs to ensure that the need resources are obtained and employ effectively and efficiently as the geological formation moves towards achievement of its objectives. The work outs are determined p.a. and are based upon the previous years calculate and dissensions. This paper will discuss a development of operating cipher, comparison write down solvents with budget expectations, description of possible reasons for variances and strategies to constrain results aligned with expectations, recommendation some benchmarking techniques that might mitigate budget accuracy. The operating budget is a plan for the makeups tax incomes and expenses that generally covers a purpose of one and only(a) year (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). In health business organization organization the take for manager of each equal center involves in the pre space-reflection symmetrytion and control of the operat ing budgets (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). The finance office of the organization provides support throughout the budget process development. The budgets for the costs centers are combined, and the executive management of the organization makes last-place decisions on a budget to be submitted to the board for approval.The nurse managers need a variety of discipline to begin the process of preparing operating budgets for their cost centers, such(prenominal) as the information generated by the organizations environmental review and by its development of general goals, objectives, policies, organization wide assumptions, program priorities, and specific mensural objectives (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). For example, the environmental review and the general goals, objectives, and policies allow the manager to understand what the organization wants to accomplish and what it believes it will be able to accomplish.For a nonher instance, the organization-wide assumptions and specific measurable objectives then provide the manager with information needed to run preparing the specific details of the budget. In addition, in spite of appearance nursing administration, additional back-ground information is needed before nurse managers can commence cost center budget pre paration (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). Especially the organizations preliminary to delivering nursing care must be clearly understood by all nurse managers. For example, responsibilities of LPNs as opposed to RNs, role of nursing assistants, or proportion of provide works on each respite. check to Finkler, Kovner, Jones (2007), the primary steps of the operating budget development include the calculation of expense budget for personnel, the expense budget for costs other than personnel receiptss, and the revenue budget, budget submission, and budget implementation. To prepare the revenue or expense portions of the operating budget, the first step is to ascertain the volume of work for the c oming year (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). The make out of work performed by a unit is referred to as its workload (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007).Workload budget is budget that indicates the fare of work performed by a unit or department, measured in terms of units of service. Workload whitethorn be measured in a variety of dashs, such as the twist of uncomplainings, patient days, deliveries, visits, treatments, or procedures. Each cost center must determine the measure that is nearly appropriate for its unit of service. in one case a cost center defines its key unit or units of service, it must predict the number of units of service that will be provided in the coming year.This will allow development of the operating budget. Expense budget for personnel is budget for all personnel under the managers direction, generally within a cost center such as RNs, LPNs, aides, and clerical staff (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). Expense budget for other-than-personnel services is budge t for all expenses for other-than personnel services such as supplies, minor equipment, including both direct unit or department expenses and indirect overhead expenses (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007).Budget submission is another step in budget development, when revenue and expense portions of the budget must be summarized and submitted for review together with detailed supporting calculations and narrative apology (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). Budget revisions may be required as the result of a series of negotiations over the submitted budget (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007).Budget implementation is a final step of budget development, when managers must address a number of issues in implementing an approved budget, including development of a staffing plan that provides coverage for staff weekends, olidays, vacations, and sick leave as well as busy and slow periods (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). A budget variance occurs when the actual results of financial application differ fr om your budgeted projections (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). The expense reports show the difference between the budget and the actual amount spent and the result is called the variance. Variances may be within the budget, which is companionable, or over the budget, which is unfavorable (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007).The variance is used to predict the budget for upcoming years, help with spending during the current year, and help with evaluating the managers and their departments. To determine the cause of variances the managers must investigate and rid to upper management why the variance occurred. in that respect are a variety reasons for variances, which must be identified and controlled if possible. While analyzing the nursing expense results from various units for a pay period, there were some favorable and unfavorable variances.While reviewing the expense record the paid harvest-tideive hours variance was within the budget and the paid nonproductive hours variance was 6 0 hours over the budgeted hours. The unfavorable variance of paid nonproductive hours may name occurred due to some staff being on special duty, sick leave, meeting time, or education time, which means they are getting paid with no patient care involved.The overtime percentage of hours variance was 7. 5% over the budget and the cash register percentage of hours variance was 8. % over the budget, both are unfavorable. The overtime may withstand been caused by bad time management, late arrival of the next shift, or working past shift hours due to not enough staff. The increase in the registry hours may have been due to not enough regular staff due to hiring freeze or staff being off for in the flesh(predicate) or illness reasons. The hours per patient day (HPPD) licensed productive hours was . 13 over budget, the direct product hours was within budget, and the total productive hours was within budget.The hours per patient day over budget may have been caused by the unit being ove r staffed or also due to the overtime and registry hours. The second-rate routine census (ADC) per unit varied from being within budget to 7. 50 over the budget. The daily census is very unpredictable and depends on the time of year, the admissions from ER or the clinic, and transfers from other hospitals or facilities. Strategies to keep the results aligned with expectations may be done by executing budgeting, which will analyze key reas such as staffing, cost control, increased productivity, and indirect and direct patient care. The activities affected by analyzing these performance areas would be daily staffing calculations, reduced cost to the unit, working more efficiently and better time management, patient care planning, and time spent on patient charting. Offering incentives could also be a good way to involve the staff by informing them of the budget goals.Benchmarking helps to identify performance gaps and identify where improvement is needed. Benchmarking is used by la rge health systems and smaller practices alike as a tool to identify targets and trim goals enabling staff to compare the operations service, process, and outcomes with those already attaining best practice goals (Borglum, 2008, para 12). There are many benchmarking techniques for the purpose of this paper three will be discussed, financial, performance, and operational. Financial benchmarking is performing a financial analysis and comparing the results in an effort to assess your overall competitiveness and productivity (Cimasi, 2006, para 10).Financial benchmarking is among the more effective techniques for extracting information from a health care enterprises historical operating performance and presenting it in a form that facilitates informed judgments that help predict the subject entitys future operating performance and financial condition (Cimasi, 2006, para 16). cognitive operation benchmarking involves comparing the performance levels of organizations for a specific pro cess, this information can then be used for identifying opportunities for improvement and/or setting performance targets (Business Performance Improvement Resources, 2011, para 26).Performance levels of other organizations are normally called benchmarks and the ideal benchmark is one that originates from an organization recognized as being a leader in the related area (Business Performance Improvement Resources, 2011, para 27). Performance benchmarking may involve the comparison of financial measures (such as expenditure, cost of labor, cost of buildings/equipment, cost of energy, adherence to budget, cash flow, revenue collected) or non-financial measures (such as absenteeism, staff turnover, the percentage of administrative staff to front-line staff, budget processing time, complaints, environmental impact or call center performance) (Business Performance Improvement Resources, 2011, para 28).In conclusion, the operating budget is a plan for the organizations revenues and expenses that generally covers a period of one year and developed by the nurse manager with support of the finance office of the organization (Finkler, Kovner, Jones, 2007). Variances may occur at any time, may be internal or external, and in most cases are correctable once investigated by the mangers. Benchmarking is used in strategic management and compares processes and performance to help improve organizations. The use of financial ratios and benchmarking is critical to understanding an entitys overall historical performance and to the fortune telling function of valuation analysis (Cimasi, 2006, para 28). This paper has discussed specific strategies to manage budgets within forecast, compared five to seven expense results with budget expectations, described possible reasons for variances, gave strategies to keep results aligned with expectations, recommended three benchmarking techniques, and identified what might improve budget accuracy, and justified the choices made.

Perfect competition Essay Example for Free

Perfect ambition EssayMonopoly and monopo tendencyic disputations, basic concepts monopoly convey a trade dapple in which in that respect is notwithstanding a single seller and large no. of buyers. whereas monopolistic emulation is a market situation in which there is large no. of sellers and large no. of buyers. in monopolistic aspiration, close substitutes atomic number 18 there in the sense that products argon different in names of size, colour,packaging,brand, value etc. as in case of soap,toothpaste etc. only in monopoly, there is no close substitute of the good,if whatsoever, it leave al champion be a remote substitute like in India, Indian railways has its monopoly but its remote substitutes be subject like bus and air expediency. in monopolistic competition, there is aggressive advertising but in monopoly, there is no advertising at whole or a very little. in monopolistic competition,requirement curve faced by the firm is much elastic because of avai l skill of close substitutes. it means if a firm raises its worth, it im interrupt loose its large market share as customers in large will shift to close substitutes present in the market.but in monopoly, the demand curve faced by the firm is less elastic because of no close substitutes. if means if the firm raises its worth, demand will not fall in a large quantity as it is but one in the market. u have to understand that the four different kinds, perfect, monopolistic, oligopoly, monopoly are on a spectrum with perfect and monopoly on the extremes, monopolistic is very similar to perfect, and monopoly is different that its a hard market to enter, because theres very few firms and require a big budget to get started.look up the graphs for these competitions and you should have a better understanding MONOPOLY IN TELECOMMUNICATION . Competition in Tele communication theory dos Experience has demonst set upd that free and open competition benefits unmarried consumers and societi es as a satisfying by ensuring pull d give prices, impertinently and better products and function, and expanded consumer choice. The benefits of competition are readily seen in todays telecommunications sphere. Dynamic technological change is resulting in virgin function and remainss that allow for advanced solutions to communications needs across the globe.As a result, telecommunications is becoming increasingly important to the efficiency and intensity level of confidential and public sector institutions. In this environment of rapid change, a rivalrous mart will tap the potential of the telecommunications sector to overhaul the economic and social well-being of all citizens. BENEFITS OF COMPETITION on the loose(p) and open competition benefits individual consumers and the global community by ensuring lower prices, new and better products and go, and great consumer choice than occurs under monopoly conditions.In an open market, producers compete to win customers by lowering prices, development new run that best meet the needs of customers. A war-ridden market promotes innovation by honour producers that invent, develop, and introduce new and innovative products and production processes. By doing so, the wealth of the society as a whole is change magnitude. In a war-ridden environment, businesses that fail to understand and react to consumer needs face the loss of customers and declining profits.A policy framework to establish, foster, and regulate competition is critical to the delivery of benefits expected and demanded by consumers. In opposite words, competition rewards entrepreneurship, responsiveness, and enthusiasm it punishes sluggishness and indifference. Because of the increasing importance of the telecommunications sector to the overall economy, countries ignore ill founder the sluggishness and indifference that so very much characterize the prep of products and service under monopoly conditions.As developments in technolo gy continue to produce efficient and exciting communications services, societies whitethorn be signifi basintly single divulge if they forego the rewards of entrepreneurship and responsiveness associated with open, agonistical telecommunications markets. POLICY GOALS TO ACHIEVE COMPETITIVE MARKETS In prepare to achieve the benefits of competition described above, governments and regulators must establish an leave policy framework to govern the telecommunications sector. First, governments should remove legal barriers that cling to existing monopoly providers from competition by new cranks.Second, policy setrs should take affirmative steps to promote competition in sectors of the market that were previously closed to competition. Examples of these steps include adopting policies that encourage multiple orders and modes of market entry. Third, policymakers should consider introducing competitive safeguards to protect against the exercise of market power by incumbent letter c arriers during the transition to competition. The most fundamental of these competitive safeguards involves regulation of the terms and conditions governing interconnection with the existing monopoly providers meshwork.In the get together States, although important steps were do to promote competition in the telecommunications sector prior to passage of the Telecommunications routine of 1996, the fairness firmly conventional the intent to provide for a pro-competitive, deregulatory national policy framework designed to accelerate private sector deployment of advanced telecommunications and information technologies and services to all Ameri brush asides by opening all telecommunications markets to competition.EFFECTS OF COMPETITION IN THE TELECOMMUNICATION firmament.The benefits of introducing competition in telecommunications markets are apparent in all segments of the telecommunications market. For instance, competition in the United States and more(prenominal) opposite countries in ample quad and international telecommunications services has led to a prominent decline in consumer rates for these services, as well as a striking increase in demand and a substantial increase in enthronization. International telecommunications services hind end be curiously important to the development of a stable and robust economy linked to the global marketplace.The 1997 WTO Agreement on Basic Telecommunications Services ushered in a new era for telecommunications competition in many countries of the world. As part of that agreement, 72 countries have made commitments to open their telecommunications markets to foreign suppliers of basic telecommunications services. As these countries implement their commitments, dramatic change has occurred in their telecommunications markets. In many countries, there are several new providers of international and national telecommunications services, and prices are dramatically lower.As a result, increased competition has led to lower international block rates in many countries which, in turn, has led to lower calling prices for consumers. Lower calling prices means that people bear afford to make more calls, more often, creating closer ties between family and friends in different countries and streng and soing business relationships. Thus, introducing competition in international telecommunications markets produces benefits throughout a countrys economy. In addition, as part of the WTO Agreement, 49 countries made commitments to open their satellite service markets.These commitments have helped increase the ability of global and regional satellite providers to observe the requisite authorizations for their systems. Similarly, in many countries private investment and competition in the readiness of terrestrial wireless telecommunications infrastructure has led to declining prices for, and widespread use of, wireless telephone service. In areas where teledensity gutter increase, moreover, price reductions may expand the number of households that can afford service. This increased demand may make build-out decisions more attractive.For character, in Chile, lower prices increased barter by 260% from 1994 to 1997. In 1987, there were 6. 7 phones per carbon households in Chile this number rose to 11 in 1992 and to 15. 2 in 1996. As lower prices stimulate greater demand, an overall increase in revenues results despite additional providers in the market. In the U. S. long blank space market, lower prices, in combination with an expanding market for services, have offset revenue loss from price reductions and the decrease in market share.For example, composition ATTs long distance market share fell from 90% in 1984 to 45% in 1997, its revenues increased from $35 billion to $40 billion during this same period. Thus, although ATT incapacitated market share, its revenues increased in a competitive marketplace. The benefits from introducing competition in international and do mestic telecommunications markets can be abundanty realized, however, wholly when market participants have the incentive to compete vigorously to attract the sterling(prenominal) hail of business.It has been the U. S. cognize that these incentives exist only where there is open entry into the telecommunications services market. Where entry is bound, or where only one or two new entrants are allowed to compete against the incumbent carrier, the benefits of competition are limited as well. For instance, when cellular telephone service was first introduced into the United States in the 1980s there were only two licensees in each market. As a result, prices remained relatively high and demand was more limited. later additional licenses were authorized in each market, priced dropped, new services were introduced and demand exploded.BUILDING A TELECOMMUNICATIONS empyrean AS A PART OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Developing countries face many infrastructure challenges. piece of music road s, water, and electricity are open fundamental requirements, development of a good communications and information system is vital for the country to survive and prosper. As global developments increasingly push competition and its benefits, developing countries can realize these benefits in part through encouraging the establishment of an indigenous telecommunications sector.And one highly utile way to achieve this is to promote and nurture the growth of weensy and entrepreneurial entities within that sector. The United States experience provides close to insight. Historically, most of the cutting- edge commercial and technology breakthroughs in the United States have been developed by individual entrepreneurs or small businesses, from Alexander Graham Bell to Bill Gates. Additionally, Americas 22 million small businesses produce more than half of the nations gross domestic product, and businesses employing fewer than twenty people have created all 99.99 percent of the nat ions new jobs in recent years. Such a phenomenal success tarradiddle is due not only to the free enterprise system and profit motive, but withal to a carefully developed government policy of supporting and nurturing small businesses. The U. S. has implemented numerous federal programs to wait on small businesses in harnessing the engines of economic growth and innovation loan guarantee programs, technical helper programs, investment programs, anti- discrimination regulatory programs, outreach efforts, information and training programs. Congress.established the Telecommunications Development Fund, some $25 million, to invest in promising new telecommunications businesses. Obviously the environment and situation of most developing countries is quite different from that in the United States, and overcoming an embedded monopoly telecom provider is something weve never had to do. Still, some basic steps privatizing, establishing an independent regulator, developing helpful tax and l abor laws, a willingness to waive regulatory and filing requirements to the extent possible can produce great benefits.A developing country could make it a condition for foreign carriers and operators lot seeking to provide service to (or within) its territory to undertake efforts to promote or support indigenous and start-up businesses. encouraging the growth of small and entrepreneurial telecom businesses by various means can lead to standing(prenominal) economic gains for developing nations economies, and to full participation in the global telecom marketplace.METHODS OF INTRODUCING COMPETITION IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR Restricting methods and modes of entry can cause investment distortions and result in higher prices to consumers.It is by allowing the marketplace to select preferred approaches that policymakers encourage efficient entry. Three methods are typically used to introduce competition into the telecommunications sector * Facilities-based competition * Unbun dling of network elements * Resale In addition, a technologically neutral policy fosters innovative systems and preference facilities designed to meet the needs of the marketplace. For example, the construction of a wireless network may be more appropriate in some markets than the development of a competing wireline carrier. Facilities-Based Competition.When a new entrant constructs a network using its own facilities to reach its customers (i. e. , without using the incumbent carriers network), that type of entry is commonly referred to as full facilities-based competition. By developing a new network, a facilities-based competitor is not constrained by existing, perhaps obsolete embedded plant and instead can install the newest, most efficient technology. As a result, the competitor will be able to supply new or additional services such(prenominal) as faster transmission and switching speeds or higher bandwidth capacity, and may be able to do so at lower costs than the incumben t.Facilities-based competitors not only directly benefit their customers but too create competitive pressure for the incumbent to upgrade its network. In addition, facilities-based entry allows the marketplace to drive competition with less regulatory presence. As discussed more fully below, full facilities-based entrants still require interconnection for the plebeian exchange of traffic with some other providers. New entrants customers need to be able to communicate with subscribers on other networks, especially the incumbents network where the majority of users obtain their service.Without the ability to interconnect on fair terms, a new facilities-based competitor cannot survive. Use of Unbundled Network Elements While full facilities-based competition has many advantages, it may not invariably be pragmatic for a new entrant to construct an entire network. For example, it may be economically feasible to construct switching and long distance facilities but infeasible to const ruct topical anesthetic loops or last mile facilities that connect to customer locations. This might be due to economies of denture or the practical difficulties associated with acquiring needed rights-of-way.Thus, a second entry route is one in which the new entrant constructs portions of a network and purchases recover to the relevant internal facilities of the incumbent providers network, such as the local loop. This method of entry is referred to as using unbundled network elements, and typically must be required by law or regulation. Entry through the use of unbundled network elements has a number of important advantages. First, it reduces entry barriers by allowing new entrants to begin reach outing service without having to construct an entire network.Second, on a longer term basis, it prevents the incumbent carrier from exploiting any residual monopoly power that may arise through remaining economies of scale or from the practical difficulties of obtaining needed rights -of-way, antenna sites for wireless systems, etc. Third, it allows new entrants additional avenues of innovation. For example, new entrants can purchase unbundled loops from the established carrier and use them with entirely different types of technologies (e. g. , packet switches based upon Internet communications protocol (IP)) than those employed by the incumbent carrier.In this arrangement, consumers benefit from these new and better services and additional choices that competition provides. Regulatory intervention is necessity in order to require the incumbent carrier to unbundle its network and to price the resulting elements at economically efficient prices. More specifically, incumbents should be required to provide any requesting telecommunications carrier non-discriminatory access to elements of the incumbents network on an unbundled basis on rates, terms and conditions that are just, reasonable, and non-discriminatory.Incumbents should be required to provide any reasonab le method of interconnection, including physical collocation or virtual collocation, or interconnection at a point between the incumbents and new entrants network. In the United States, the Telecommunications Act of 1996 identified a minimum list of network elements that incumbent local exchange carriers must unbundle. These network elements include local loops, network porthole devices, local and tandem switching capabilities, interoffice transmission facilities, signaling and call-related databases, operations support systems, and operator services and directory assistance facilities.In addition, new entrants should have access to pole lines, ducts, conduits, and rights-of-way owned or manoeuvreled by the incumbent. Resale In the telecommunications context, resale occurs when competitors obtain a service at a discounted or in large quantities rate from the inherent, established carrier and then sell the service to their own customers. Resale can serve a multi-faceted role in pr omoting and sustaining competition in telecommunications services. Resale may be an effective entry vehicle for new entrants that may initially lack the necessary capital to build their own networks.Resale may also allow small competitors, which will not call on facilities-based providers, to declare service. In addition, resellers may stimulate usage of the incumbents network, and thus may benefit the incumbent facilities-based provider and further growth of the entire sector. Moreover, this competition may help to keep prices lower for consumers, increase consumer choice, and in the end stimulate economic growth. Experience in the U. S. long distance market suggests that resale can yield world-shaking public benefits.Resale competition takes the form of arbitrage, where a reseller purchases a large number of minutes at a quantity discount and resells them to small customers at prices lower than the retail prices otherwise available to those customers. By providing low-priced prices for the customer, resellers stimulate demand and thus compel facilities-based carriers to bring their prices closer to actual costs. At the same time, the increased competition from resellers expands the availability of innovative services, such as new billing terms and alternative rate structures.In particular, resellers can create consumer value by creating different billing plans or targeting their marketing to under-served groups within the community. Many countries have committed to a policy of resale as part of the WTO Basic Telecommunications Agreement to provide market access for basic telecommunications services. For smaller countries, resale provides some of the benefits of competition even if the total amount of telecommunications traffic generated is insufficient to attract multiple facilities-based carriers.Resellers may resell an entire service without modification, which is referred to as Total Service Resale. Resellers may also choose to obtain some services f rom the underlying carrier and combine them with services that they provide themselves. For example, a carrier may offer long distance services using its own switching facilities but lease long haul facilities from the incumbent provider. Resale also allows providers to offer bundles of different services without actually constructing the necessary facilities.By doing so, they can achieve certain economies in terms of marketing while providing a package of services for the convenience of their customers. For example, a local exchange carrier can offer long distance services without constructing long haul facilities. Similarly, a carrier offering both local and long- distance services could add mobile services to its package without constructing its own wireless network. In many industries resale occurs as a natural part of the development of markets. However, in telecommunications, a dominant carrier may be required by law or regulation to make its services available for resale.In p articular, a regulatory requirement may be necessary to force the underlying carrier to offer services at a sell rate. In a competitive market, however, some providers may convalesce a source of revenue in the provision of services on a wholesale basis. This often occurs when the facilities-based carrier has excess capacity on its network. In the U. S. long distance market, some carriers have constructed across the nation fiber-optic networks with the intent of offering transmission services on a wholesale basis to other carriers.Real market experience has shown that resale can spur competition. The growth of competition in the U. S. long distance market resulted from a combination of the facilities-based and resale competition models. From the early stages of long distance competition, facilities-based providers and resellers have actively competed against one another. This approach resulted in more affordable rates, new service offerings, and numerous new entrants. Despite the obvious benefits of resale, it has limitations.First of all, the reseller is limited to a greater or lesser extent by the technical features and functions of the underlying carriers network. This limits the ability of the reseller to innovate. Second, resale alone does not put competitive pressure on wholesale rates and services because the underlying carrier may not be subject to competitive pressures to innovate at the wholesale level. This means that the regulator must retain some degree of control over the pricing, terms and conditions of the wholesale offering.INTERCONNECTION, THE KEY TO COMPETITIVE SUCCESS The key to competition within telecommunications services is the ability of networks to interconnect. Interconnection allows communications to occur across networks, linking competitors so customers of different networks can communicate with one another. For competition to be thriving at maximizing consumer benefits and innovation in the telecommunications market, carriers that compete for customers must also provide competitors with access to those customers. share access to customers occurs through interconnection, and access to all customers is necessary both for successful entry and for continued competition. If the incumbent, with the extensive majority of customers, does not interconnect with new entrants, it is unlikely that the new entrants will remain economically viable. A regulatory framework is needed to aid in the transition from a monopoly environment to a competitive environment because a monopoly or dominant provider has a strategic interest to keep out or minimize competitors in its market.As a result, the monopoly or dominant provider has a strong incentive to limit interconnection. Therefore, a regulator that is independent of any operator and of inappropriate political submit should adopt rules that give new entrants bargaining strength equal to the incumbents. The price of interconnection (or transport and termination), for exam ple, could serve as a significant barrier to entry for new networks. An incumbent monopolist has an incentive to demand a high price to terminate calls originating on a new entrants network and pay nil for calls originating on its own network.In the United States, transport and termination charges are reciprocal and based on the long run incremental cost of providing the transport and termination on the incumbents network. Thus, the primary purpose of mandated interconnection is to foster a competitive environment that is fair to all competitors. Because the incumbent service provider has the broad majority of customers, a new entrant must be able to interconnect in order to provide full access to its customers. Without the ability to interconnect, new entrants would be severely restricted in their ability to compete with the incumbent.REGULATORY TOOLS FOR PROTECTING AGAINST THE EXERCISE OF MARKET POWER DURING THE TRANSITION TO COMPETITION Special problems may arise when a telecom munications carrier with monopoly power in the provision of a particular service or facility wants to offer a competitive service that is dependent upon the use of the monopoly service or facility. This may occur, for example, where competition has been introduced in the long distance and international markets but the local market remains a monopoly. The two problems are cost- shifting/cross-subsidization and discrimination.The first problem arises if the monopoly service is regulated on a rate-of-return (profit) basis. If so, there is an incentive for the carrier with monopoly power to shift costs from the competitive service to the monopoly service. Shifting costs in this manner artificially raises the price of the monopoly service and allows the carrier to charge below-cost rates for the competitive service. This results in the prisoner customers paying above- cost rates for the monopoly services and hampers the development of a viable market for the competitive services.An examp le of this situation could occur when a carrier with monopoly power in the provision of local facilities or services wants to enter the long distance market or information services market. The second problem occurs when control over an essential service or facility necessary for a competitive service enables the monopoly carrier to discriminate in favor of its own competitive offering. For example, a carrier with monopoly power in the provision of local facilities or services has the incentive to discriminate in favor of its own long distance or information service.This discrimination may manifest itself in the form of better feature interconnection or faster installation times for needed facilities or services. What follows is an overview of some of the tools that are available to policymakers and regulators to warn or prevent cost-shifting/cross-subsidization and discrimination. These tools or techniques can be used alone or in combination. The more stringent techniques may be a ppropriate when and where the threat is greatest. Less stringent techniques may be appropriate as competition takes hold in the previously monopolized market.Outright Prohibition on Providing the Competitive intersection or Service One technique for preventing a carrier with monopoly power from cross-subsidizing and discriminating in the provision of a competitive service is to prohibit the carrier from entering the competitive market. Outright suppressions have been and are being used in the United States. For example, the original agreement (Consent Decree) that led to the divestiture of the Bell Operating Companies from ATT disallow the former from certain activities, including the provision of certain long distance services and information services. at a lower place the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the Bell Operating Companies are prohibited from offering long distance services and alarm services until certain conditions are met. While outright prohibition prevents cross-su bsidization and discrimination, it may also deny the public the benefits of possible economies of scale or scope that may be derived if the carrier is allowed to provide the competitive service.Outright prohibition may also deny the public the benefits of innovation that might come from the participation of the monopoly carrier in the competitive market. Price Caps for Regulated Monopoly Services The incentive to shift costs from a competitive service to a monopoly service exists under profit regulation. Under price cap regulation, the prices of the monopoly services are lie (indexed to inflation and expected productivity increases). Price cap regulation has a number of advantages, including incentives for the carrier to be more efficient.It also discourages the monopoly provider from shifting costs from the competitive activity to the monopoly activity, because if the price of the monopoly service is capped, there is no incentive to shift costs from the competitive service to the monopoly service. Separate Subsidiary Requirement Under this requirement, the carrier with monopoly power is allowed to provide the competitive service, but only through a separate ancillary or consort.The separate subsidiary requirement is combined with an obligation that the monopoly carrier treat the affiliated come with no better than it treats unaffiliated providers of the competitive service. In other words, the monopoly carrier must deal with the affiliate on an arms- length basis. The regulator has the ability to control the degree of separateness. Examples of the requirements for separateness can include requirements that the monopoly provider and its affiliate * Maintain separate books of account.* Utilize separate officers and personnel * Employ separate marketing activities * not share common equipment or facilities * Adhere to certain restrictions on information flows that would unfairly benefit the competitive affiliate In addition, a typical requirement is that if the affiliate must obtain any transmission services from the monopoly provider, it must do so on a tariffed basis. Tariffing Requirements Tariffing is a fundamental technique traditionally used to protect users (both consumers and other carriers) against discrimination.Tariffing requires the regulated monopolist to file tariffs explaining its service rates, terms and conditions with the regulatory say-so and to bewilder to those rates, terms and conditions once the tariff is filed. Through the tariff and enforcement processes, which include opportunities for public comment, the regulator has some ability to prevent cross-subsidization and discrimination. Accounting Separation A requirement to maintain separate books of account can be adopted even without the imposition of a separate subsidiary requirement.Accounting separation typically requires the regulated monopoly provider to set up and maintain separate books of account for the competitive activity and to adhere to prescribed methods of separating costs. This provides a degree of protection against cross-subsidization. Imputation Requirements An imputation requirement obligates the regulated monopolist to charge the same amount for a service or facility provided to a competitive affiliate or operation that it charges to an unaffiliated provider, and to include that amount in the price it charges for the competitive service.Service Quality Reporting Requirements A service quality reporting requirement obligates the regulated monopolist to collect date and report on the quality of the services provided to both affiliated and unaffiliated competitors. This helps regulators detect and correct discrimination in the provision of essential services or facilities to competitors. Resale Requirements As discussed earlier, a resale requirement has a number of advantages in promoting competition. Resale can also help prevent cross-subsidization.For example, where a carrier has market power in the provision of switc hed services but there is competition in the provision of private lines, the carrier may try to increase the price of the switched service in order to cross-subsidize and thus under-price its private line offering. If the carrier is required to allow the resale of the private line offerings, however, entrepreneurs could combine the private lines with their own switching, and undercut the prices of the monopolists switched service offering. This has the effect of discouraging the carrier with market power from engaging in cross-subsidization.Unbundling Requirements An unbundling requirement forces the regulated monopolist to make network elements available to competitors on an unbundled basis under rates, terms and conditions that are just, reasonable, and non-discriminatory.

Organizational Culture Essay Example for Free

brass instrumental grow EssayThis essay/assignment is a stem paper on Organizational Culture. It reviews the Hofstede Model and Schein Model as well as tries to understand the the dynamics which influences the occupational cultures. This is a sample paper. The definition of culture remains quite ambiguous with queryers assessing it utilising different methodologies. The jet understanding of culture is a way of doing things, or the norm by which a society organizes its tasks. However, the oral communication t remainders to be classified more distinctly when looked upon in the aspect of presidencys and their systems of per phase angleing actions. Two of the most bountiful researchers on this aspect of physical compositional behaviour are Geert Hofstede and Edgar Schein. Each has presented the concept of organizational culture use a paradigm based on the values and thinking exhibited by the workers of an organization, but has assessed different levels of modification and integration that bind this aspect of culture.According to Hofstede, culture is the collective programming of the human mind that distinguishes the members of one group from an separate. Culture in this sense is a system of collectively held values. On the other hand, Schein has taken a slightly different approach and states culture is the deeper level of basic assumptions and beliefs that are overlap by members of an organization that operate unconsciously and define in a basic taken for give fashion an organizations view of its self and its environment. The common notion among researchers is that every organization exhibits certain values and norms in the business environment and a connection will likely end up portraying two things organizational culture and corporate culture. The former is based on what the beau monde is, while the latter principle is an embodiment of the vision and character of the company, making up what a company has.Both Schein and Hofstede showed simil arities in their presentation of the concept of organizational culture by applying a focus on the mental assumptions that shape the political theory of culture and give rise to the norms and values that end up worldness regarded as the primary character of an organization. However, the anthropological approach adopted by them towards organizational culture alter greatly. Hofstede favoured the etic or dimensional approach, where the description of behaviour is very neutral and can be applied to confused cultures. A key reasoning for this is the linkage he presented between the national cultureprevalent in the business environment that an organization operates in, and its resulting effects on the shaping of the norms that are applied by the organization itself. On the other hand, Schein looked upon organizational behaviour with an emic approach, describing the dimensions that affected companies by viewing it from the aspect of a soul within the culture.Hofstede undertook an exte nsive research process within IBM, to understand the behaviour it and its employees exhibited across the many offices it had in the world. His ideology was that organizational behaviour was greatly influenced by national and regional cultural groupings. The conclusion from the research conducted allowed Hofstede to present five characteristics of culture that he believed were exhibited by organizations in one way or form across the world. These included power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs. femininity, long vs. short term orientation, and individualism vs. collectivism. Scheins organizational model looked at culture from the standpoint of an observer and presented three levels to describe the complex whole works involved in a company. At the first level were the observable artefacts, pointing to those attributes which could be seen, heard or felt by the observer.The second level was the exposed values, which referred to the professed culture of the organization by its members. At the trine level lie tacit assumptions, which are made up of the unseen elements of culture of an organization that decease the unspoken rules of the company. While Hofstedes model of organization culture relies on the tried and tested ideology of cultural theorists by underlying the determination of culture in an organization from core values and assumptions of a given national culture, Scheins model brings about more functionality to the subject area by delving into a deeper understanding of the factors that influenced the exhibited culture in the organization.Hofstedes IBM study developed linkages between personality and culture, by relating to individuals as components of societies, and organizations a resultant of both. Schein presented the notion of learning as a part of the organizational culture, and one of the grammatical construction blocks that courted different operators in its assimilation and establishment. In both models, the common factor remains th e individuals who form the organization, and in many ways are responsible for providing the behavioural traits to the company in order to portray a sense of belonging.The divergence in itsinitiation relates to the variance held by Hofstede and Schein, with the former attributing the national culture being the driving force, while the latter focuses on the various actors who play a role in the man of the organizational entity as the contributors to the culture of that establishment. While personality will play a part in the integration between the original and acquired culture, the need for understanding the dynamics which influence the occupational cultures is important in order to become aware of the human factor and its role in the process.ReferencesHofstede, G. McCrae, R. (2004) Personality and Culture Revisited Linking Traits and Dimensions of Culture, Cross-Cultural Research, Volume 38, No. 1, pp. 52 88 Schein, E. (1996) Culture The Missing Concept in Organization Studies, A dministrative Science Quarterly, Volume 41, Issue 2, pp. 229 240