Understanding Leadership Essay Example for Free

Understanding Leadership Essay

Seven Virtues Essay Example for Free

Seven Virtues EssayAs long as there has been recognized sin in recorded hi score, there has been the virtuous equivalent by which good people live their lives. Before Christianity, there were the Pagan virtues, and when Christianity came into dominance in Scandinavia, it adopted these virtues and added several spiritual virtues of its own. Each virtue can be seen as a reflection of societal thought. The virtues tell how the ideal person lives their life, and this idea of the virtuous person is often reflected in literature. In fact, ever since the philosophical writings of Aristotle and the Greeks, there have been tales of characters who embody these virtues.The protagonist of Authun and the Bear exemplifies these seven virtues, and this technique can be seen in modern literature as well, oddly in the 1986 novel, Forrest Gump, by Winston Broom. The virtuous character used must be first defined as morally pure. This chastity sets about them an aura of childishness innocence in many representations. The seven heavenly virtues were first displayed in their current form in the epic poem, Psychomachia, around year 400 (Prudentius). They were the counterparts to the well-known seven deadly sins and chastity is perhaps the broadest of them all.It stresses the importance of honesty and purity of the instinct in all walks of life. This was meant to be portrayed to high society through the story of Authun and the Bear, as Authun lives a completely pure life in terms of morality. He is open and honest with all those he encounters throughout the story, even those who cogency otherwise be his enemies. When facing the rival king of Denmark, he maintains that he means to give his bear to Denmarks king (Jones). By expressing this virtue in a traditional tale which was most likely passed on for years before being written down, it appealed to many people on a rattling personal scale.Authun may not have always lived the pure life he does in the current form because th e story was written down by and by the sky away from shamanistic principles, when Christianity stressed the virtues. Ever since Christianity took hold as the dominant religion in Western society, there have been tales focusing on characters who represent the virtuous life. Forrest Gump is a modern example that distinctly outlines the idea of a pure character. He only has one love, is open and honest in all his dealings, and carries about a childhood innocence throughout the text.The effect of tales such as Authun and the Bear and Forrest Gump has made an undeniable mark on society it has led to the reverence of a chaste life in all aspects of the word. In order to live a life of purity, one must in addition live by the virtue of temperance. Authun shows balance in many aspects of his life. Although he leaves on a journey for himself, he ensures that his mother is provided for before doing so (Jones). In Scandinavia, this can be seen as a shift away from the gluttonous pillaging o f the Vikings.It was meant to impress upon the citizens that a life lived by moderation can be just as successful and fulfilling as an immoral life of greed. The vices were being brought to the light and this continued with many pieces of literature exposing them. Georg Stiernhielm, in Hercules, condemns gluttony through his personification of the vice in Ruus . This trend is prevalent all the way through to the 20th Century where in Broom contrasts the virtues Forrest with the greed of others in Forrest Gump. Forrest finds balance in his life by not overindulging in any one activity, but living a life of variety and virtue._____________________ A clear offspring of the moderate life, is the participation in charity. For a society where it was once thought that the rich had the right to supplement themselves and let the poor remain poor, this was a monumental shift in social thought. This principle is displayed by Authun in his gift of the bear to the king of a foreign land, but mo re important is the reaction of the king. charitable Svein returns Authuns gift with marvelous treasure which Authun humbly accepts. The king also finds Authun a poor and sick man, but scorns those who scoff at him saying, He has provided better for his soul than any of you (Jones).With this new idea of Christian charity impregnated in traditional folk tales, Scandinavian society was able to move in a stress where assistance of the less fortunate was commended. This attribute of Authun and the Bear was especially standout for a time when kings meant to project images of power and might. Snorri Sturluson did not include the tale of Authun in his genuine book of Kings sagas, possibly meaning that the tale was created years later to suit Christian ideals. Either way, charity has been impressed on military personnel culture as a virtuous characteristic, and has been noticeably prevalent in literature.While the virtuous character must be concerned with providing for others, he or she must also have intrinsic motivation to accomplish the tasks at hand. This is where the person of virtue must come to embody diligence. This virtue is set to battle the vice of sloth, which can be devastating to a productive society. By showing the success and happiness of a zealous man in Authun, the consequence is that one can reach similar achievements by applying this motivation to their own life. This idea has been around many years as a necessary indication of citizens.In Platos Republic, the citizens are raised to work diligently at their tasks so that the entire city can prosper. Christianity saw the rewards of this work ethic and and so preached that the virtuous life requires it. Forrest Gump continues this trend into the 20th Century by following the successful life of a man who excels at all tasks because of his persistence. Intelligence is not stressed in the virtues and neither Authun nor Forrest shows any signs of great intellect. Christianity did not need its fol lowers to become extremely educated, because that was not deemed important for an ideal society.John Ruskin, a writer and critic of art, architecture and society in the 19th Century said, Nearly all the evils in the Church have arisen from bishops desiring power more than light. They motive authority, not outlook. By teaching people to be diligent and hardworking rather than speculative and scrupleing, the Church gained power and authority through citizens who did not question its corruption at the time. Authun and the Bear was written prior to the Modern Breakthrough, where writers began questioning authority and tradition.

An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Psychology Essay

An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Psychology EssayOrganisations argon struggling in the authentic rivalrous economic climate. Ensuring organizational survival may ultimately come down to draging and recruiting skil direct employees (Barber Roehling, 1993). Terpstra (1994) identified enlisting as an essential strategy for organisations to prosper and put out in the global economy, suggesting the initial attraction and selection of medical prognosiss may be the most Copernican foundation for organisational performance. As the realisation of the link between human-capital and monetary growth is now a sh ared know conductge across areas, the crucial importance an employee holds is broader acknowledge (Gardner, 2002). Recruitment is a fundamental organisational activity defining who firmness of purpose constitute the organisation (Turban Cable, 2003). The difference between a mediocre and exceptional hire could mean momentous differences for organisational profit ( Wicklund-Hansen Weyergang-Nielsen, 2007). Thus the benefits of efficient and successful recruiting are increasingly recognized in enquiry and literature (Barber, 1998 Billsberry, 2007 Breaugh, 2008).Recognising the importance of employees, mortally and as a whole, organisations are increasing their enlisting investments. Ralston Brady (1994) modestly suggested the average personify of recruiting and selecting to be over $2000 per private. Given such bear-sized amounts are spent, there is both an foretaste and a demand for enlisting to be of organisational benefit. The see by Terjesen, Vinnicombe and Freeman (2007) summateresses the demand for adapting enlisting practices to up-and-coming graduates, soon to constitute the labour force of the 21st century. Research findings by Ryan, Sacco, McFarland and Kriska (2000) empha size also the importance of recognising the individual appli laughingstockts select in the enlisting process. However, Ryan and Tippins (2004) argue there are still large gaps between look into and practice in this area.Recruitment in the current labour marketRecruitment takes place in a wider societal scope and shifts in the labour market will subsequently affect recruitment activities. In tighter markets potential great deals are probable to be slight critical of the process as they are in desperate need for a cable (Cable Judge, 1996). Contrary, in a flourishing economy where organisations are in demand of fourfold hires, the on-going competition leads to a lack of high-quality candidates. Fernndez-Aroz, Groysberg and Nohria (2009) claim organisations will face challenges when recruiting to interchange the plentiful baby boomers. Some business sectors are especially prone to this and hence compete for the best candidates, also known as the war for natural endowment (Ferris, Berkson Harris, 2002 Hiltrop 1999).In contrast to much of Europe, Norway is a country where the economy is boosting (Takla, 2012). With an un employment rate of 2.7% and increasing growth in the industry, Norway finds itself in a position where some occupations genuinely lack qualified give outforce. Low unemployment rates will naturally increase competition for the best people (Ferris, Berkson Harris, 2002), but in Norway this is also combined with a strong economy and growing companies. Recent figures from the Norwegian labour and welfare administration revealed a need for 16.000 engineers in the imminent future (Kaspersen, 2012) The numbers are consistent with research predicting technical and engineering skills of particular shortage in the years to come (Dohm, 2000). Businesses in unrelenting demand of talent are therefore competing, all depending on qualified employers to survive (Tulgan, 2001). How recruitment is managed should be of essential value especially for organisations in such a position. A recent causa showed that 92% of organisations within the oil- and gas sector in Norway were in demand for gradua te engineers (Vartdal Riise, 2012). One of the largest technical universities in Norway plans to expand their capacity for engineers by several(prenominal) snow (Amelie, 2012a). An emerging product line market consisting of desperate organisations and cohorts of new graduates triggers the need for further insight into attraction and recruitment.Defining recruitmentRecruitment literature stretches over a wide spectre, thus claiming necessity to clarify a definition for the dissertation at hand. Also, it must be distinguished between the two organisational activities recruitment and selection, tightly linked and oft occurring simultaneously. Recruitment can be escorted as the initial and sustained attraction of candidates, whereas selection is the process of selecting among potential employees (Rynes Boudreau, 1986). Research on recruitment has often been subject to critique of having a static view of a process that is alternatively sort of dynamic (Barber, 1998). In response t his thesis views recruitment as an on-going process consisting of several stages (Saks Uggerslev, 2010) and will apply the following definition for recruitment () the actions organizations take to generate applicant pools, maintain viable applicants, and boost desired candidates to join those organizations (Dineen Soltis, 2011, p.43). This definition differs from Barbers (1998), critiqued for only focusing on attraction of candidates. Hence, it is desirable utilizing a definition that acknowledges the ultimate outcome of recruitment, namely a candidates job offer acceptance (Ferris, Berkson Harris, 2002).Five dimensions of recruitmentAs the area of recruitment research is versatile, Barbers (1998) distinction between fin dimensions of recruitment will be applied in the following paragraph. This serves as both a framework for organising a wide research area, as healthful as discussing previous work with its inevitable strengths and limitations. Clearly illustrated by these exam ples are how the dimensions are inextricably linked, underlining recruitment as dynamic and complex (Boswell, Roehling, LePine Moynihan, 2003).ContextRynes (1991) highlights the pellucid fact that recruitment occurs in a wider contextual setting. The economic climate, labour market, organisational size and business-sector are all potentially influencing factors (Rynes, 1991 Rynes, Heneman Schwab, 1980 Taylor Bergmann, 1987 Turban, Campion Eyring, 1995). As the exist of recruitment ineluctably will vary, it can be of value to have more(prenominal) specific recruitment research related to a given context (Derous Schreurs, 2009). Moreover, the need to recognise context as a variable in concrete research is much needed, as a great deal of recruitment studies is through with(p) in experimental settings. For example, Rynes and Miller (1983) manipulated recruiter knowledge, recruiter affect, and job attributes to measure effects of recruiter influence. Goltz and Giannantonio (199 5) manipulated recruiter friendliness in an experimental video-condition bring. Both studies found recruitment activities to have an effect on candidates, confirming the contributing value of experimental studies in the development of recruitment research (Chapman, Uggerslev, Carroll, Piasentin Jones, 2005).However, suggestions have been made that research designs using simulating job-applicants can lead to downplay research claims (Rynes Miller, 1983 Uggerslev, Fassina Kraichy, 2012). Barber (1998) argues studies of experimental disposition move over to a simplification of the complexity the recruitment process holds. A simulated study does non inescapably capture the many variables and external occurrences that will influence a candidate in a real-world setting (Chapman, Uggerslev, Carroll, Piasentin Jones, 2005). Studies utilizing real job seekers in an actual recruitment setting faculty validate the strength of previous findings, if holding true to contexts where infl uence of a recruitment process truly has consequences both for candidate and organisation. On the other hand, manipulating variables in recruitment activities would be ethically challenging (Highhouse, Lievens Sinar, 2003). Therefore, studies done in a real-life setting must choose a method in line with strict ethical considerations.PlayersNaturally receiving most attention in recruitment research has been organisational representatives and candidates. Recognising both parties is the favorable process paradigm with a view of recruitment as a two-way, inter-subjective interaction (Herriot, 2002). This office has progressively earned respect as an alternative to the dominating psychometric paradigm by allowing for the candidates voice to be heard (Billsberry, 2007). The development towards a social process rather than a one-sided organisational choice leads to interesting interactions between candidate and organisation in the current economic climate. A number of recent studies hav e act to hear the best strategy for attracting and convincing candidates to accept job offers in a private-enterprise(a) market (Ferris, Berkson Harris, 2002 Turban, Forret Hendrickson, 1998 reference perchance Boswell et al, if not finding any other more about a competitive market).extensively debated is whether recruiter characteristics and demeanour actually have an influence on candidates. Alderfer and McCord (1970) were among the first to explore the possible effect of recruiter characteristics a continuing topic of interest as recruitment research has evolved. The meta-analysis by Chapman, Uggerslev, Carroll, Piasentin and Jones (2005) concluded that recruiter behaviour such as being personable influenced candidate attraction to organisations. By applying signalling theory (Spence, 1973) to recruitment, research has show how candidates view recruiters in the recruitment process as signals of unknown organisational characteristics and attributes (Turban, Forret Hendric kson, 1998). Rynes, Bretz and Gerhart (1991) found recruiters to act as a symbol of interpersonal relations in the organisation, indicating candidates use recruiter behaviour as images of interpersonal work relations. Chapman and Webster (2006) later concluded recruiter influence appears more complex than anticipated.However, Breaugh (2012) points out that less attention has been devoted to recruiter effects over the nett few years. Also, a majority of recruiter-candidate interaction research is built on experimental designs, possibly ignoring effects from a real-life human interplay (reference). It is further suggested that qualitative research could prove value beyond the majority of existing quantitative research (Breaugh, 2012).ActivitiesOrganisations facilitate recruitment activities such as campus career fairs, employment interviews and site visits to attract candidates (Arvey Campion, 1982 Turban, Campion Eyring, 1995). The review by Rynes, Heneman and Schwab (1980) and mo re recent research by Collins and Stevens (2002) both state that recruitment activities have the potential to influence candidates, possibly by signals of wider organisational attributes (Turban, 2001). However, there is still a need for a better actualizeing of how recruitment activities affect a candidate (Turban, 2001).Breaugh (2008) highlights the site visit as a recruitment activity given undeservedly little attention. An exception is the study by Turban, Campion and Eyring (1995) extending preceding research by demonstrating just how potent the site visit can be on actual job acceptance terminations. Another interesting aspect of the site visit is the possibility to digest future colleagues beyond organisational representatives often sent from the human resource department. Consistent with the suggestion by Rynes and Miller (1983), Rynes, Bretz and Gerhart (1991) found that meetings with any given organisational representative is less influential than meeting someone from the same functional area as the candidate. The site visit typically consists of several activities and Turban, Campion Eyring (1995) suggest future research continuing to investigate how applicants interpret and make meaning of attending one.Saks and Uggerslev (2010) critiques existing research for an exaggerated focus on single activities. Consequentially some activities can come across as having a very small or large influence, possibly limited by research methodology. Those who ultimately accept a job offer will have been through a more extensive process, very likely consisting of several activities. Whereas initial stages are critical to determine candidates further pursuit, later stages have a profound effect on the last job acceptance decision. Recruitment activities do not occur in a vacuum. The overall experience of a recruitment process based on combined effects of activities must be acknowledged (Saks Uggerslev, 2010).PhasesExperimental studies often break the recruitme nt process down to smaller units for investigation. This approach ignores that going through a recruitment process is not likely to be experienced as single events with a separate effect on the candidate, but rather as a process consisting of phases (Boswell, Roehling, LePine and Moynihan, 2003). The early stages of recruitment have been suggested critical, because this can decide candidates willingness to proceed with a given organisation. Critical contact theory addresses how applicants are influenced in their first meeting with organisational representatives (Ralston Brady, 1994). Rynes, Bretz and Gerharts (1991) study present the possible detrimental effects of a single interaction, showing a number of candidates actually chose to withdraw from recruitment based on a negative first impression.Due to the stress job search can hold as well as anticipation of evaluation, it has been suggested job applicants enter the process with scruple as a salient emotion (Proost, Derous, Sc hreurs, Hagtvet De Witte, 2008 Rynes, 1991). Moreover, uncertainty is likely to persist as candidates are faced with consistently limited information (Barber Roehling, 1993). Assessing levels of uncertainty is severe in a simulated setting, unfortunately undermining a great deal of existing research (Breaugh, 1992, as cited in Barber Roehling, 1993).Studies have demonstrated that candidates turn over various information and organisational features differently end-to-end the recruitment process (Carless, 2005 Jaidi, Van Hooft Arends, 2011). The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) suggests peripheral impact is superior to central processing in the primary stages of a recruitment process (Larsen Phillips, 2002). The former type of information processing typically leads to a focus on environmental cues rather than relevant job characteristics. Saks and Uggerslevs (2010) study on college students found that rather focusing on the effect of a single activity or stage, the total cr ew of the whole recruitment process should be considered. Contrary, it has been suggested that various stages of the recruitment process in itself does not significantly influence a candidate final decision (Lawler, Kuleck, Rhode Sorensen, 1975 Powell Goulet, 1996). Findings from previous research thus prove conflicting suggesting candidates may go through recruitment with or without a diverse range of perceptions, emotions and thoughts that influence their final decisions.OutcomeFor organisations to maximise utility, the ultimate end goal of a recruitment process is job offer acceptance from desirable candidates (Jackson Schuler, 1990). Nevertheless, much research has often studied candidates reactions at a given point during the process. Attracting and maintaining candidates are obviously necessary requirements for a viable recruitment process. Yet, acknowledging the process natural dynamic nature combined with the fact that organisations attempt to actively influence a poten tial candidate the effects of this influence must be assessed. The study by Aiman-Smith, Bauer and Cable (2001) revealed that different factors lead to job attraction and actual job pursuit. An extensive amount of research measures only candidates attitudes, perceptions and impressions, rather than actual choice (Rynes, Bretz Gerhart, 1991). Many studies approach recruitment from the organisations view, attempting to establish how an applicant can be persuaded to accept a job offer (Jaidi, Van Hooft Arends, 2011 reference). Such studies operate with the understood assumption of a candidate actually making a choice (Boswell et al., 2003). However there is less knowledge of how the candidate perceives this choice or decision-making. The perspective of a candidate who has been through a full recruitment experience with the result of accepting a job offer is less investigated and will inevitably provide knowledge of important aspects of recruitment (Saks Uggerslev, 2010).GraduatesA large part of an organisations recruitment activities revolve around new graduates, of interest for the new skills and updated education they contribute with (Turban, Forret Hendrickson, 1998 Wayne Casper, 2012). The recent years have witnessed changes in recruitment practices as competition for graduates tightens (Branine, 2008).However, recruitment literature and research has often been criticised for overly emphasizing college graduates (Breaugh, 2008 Rynes, Heneman III Schwab, 1980). Nevertheless, multiple interesting aspects serve justice to focusing on this particular group of job seekers. Career theory refers to the transition from student to employee as an important one, significantly affecting a persons life ( tops(predicate), 1980). Previous research has found inexperienced job seekers to be more likely influenced by recruitment practices (Feldman Arnold, 1978 Larsen Phillips, 2002). Walker, Field, Giles and Bernerth (2008) demonstrated how candidates limited job expe rience and job search influenced their perception of recruitment activities. Seeking full-time employment for the very first time might be a particular meaningful event where one is exceptionally aware of recruitment practices because of their novelty.Graduate recruitment is both voluminous in size and investments( Rynes Boudreau, 1986). In addition, the study by Terjesen, Vinnicombe and Freeman (2007) suggested the coming workforce, generation Y (1977-1994) differs from previous generations. As organisations are increasingly acknowledging human capital as a competitive edge, the need for educated workforce is not likely to decrease. Liden and Parsons (1996) points out that educated candidates approach job-searching differently than candidates seeking lower level jobs, where the former is more discriminating in the process.Collectively, this demonstrates new graduates as a sample of interest for further investigation. Rather than attempting to generalise across all job seekers, cle arly quite distinctive, this study recognises and appreciates graduates as a separate target group for research.Aim and research questionIn summary, Barbers dimensions call attention to recruitment research in the field, where context and realistic human interaction is acknowledged. There is a need to further investigate how recruitment activities and recruiter behaviour are elements of a whole recruitment experience leading to the ultimate outcome of a candidates job offer acceptance. The current economic climate holds exciting times for new graduates. Indeed, Celani and Singh (2011) highlight the competitive benefit an organisation could gain from enhanced understandings of candidates reaction and appraisal of recruitment practices.By acknowledging the individual as the organisations most valuable asset, an expectation follows to consider the individuals perspective, also in recruitment. Breaugh (2012) highlighted the valuable in-depth insight to the candidates perspective from th e previous qualitative work of Rynes, Bretz and Gerhart (1991) and Boswell, Roehling, LePine Moynihan (2003). Based on a person-centric approach, Weiss Rupp (2011) suggest the human subjective experience should guide more research. Insight from candidates own words about recruitment experiences has been of inspiration (Billsberry, 2007). Therefore, the study employs a phenomenological approach to address the following research questionHow does a recent graduate experience the recruitment process?A phenomenological approachPhenomenology is concerned with exploring the voluminousness of a real, concrete, daily-lived phenomenon (Finlay, 2009). The transition from graduating student to working professional has been proven a major one, additionally supported by life-stages theory and career theory (Ng Feldman, 2007 Schein, 1978, Super 1980). Billsberry (2007) argue job-related events such as obtaining or changing jobs are of significance, but they are also a natural experience in the inevitable overture of life. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is an approach of exploration of a lived experience (Clarke, 2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis is therefore suitable to explore how a new graduate experience a recruitment process. Something about why not other qualitative methods?However, merely stating that a study is of phenomenological nature is not sufficient for methodological rigour. Adopting a philosophical stance underpinning the method of choice should be done to uphold methodological clarity (Lowes Prowse, 2001). The transcendental phenomenology as described in the original work of Husserl request suspending all presuppositions of a phenomenon through bracketing (Smith, Flowers Larkin, 2009). This standpoint has been critiqued for not recognising the cognitive aspect of a human being situated in a contextual world (Wilding Whiteford, 2005). Furthermore, the investigators seminal role in identifying, defining and formulating res earch is consistent with Smiths (2004) recommendation to avoid a footling attempt of bracketing. The philosophical foundations underlying IPA is simply not compatible with complete bracketing, as the interpretative component inevitably acknowledges the researchers role.Heidegger advocates a hermeneutic phenomenology with interpretation at its core (Smith, Flowers Larkin, 2009). Utilizing a double hermeneutic acknowledges the dual role of the researcher, where one tries to make sense of the participants experience after the experience has been subject to sense making from the participant itself (Smith Osborn, 2003 double check book Uni). Rather than shallow bracketing, not adequate to its true form as proposed by Husserl, involuntary bracketing was done in resonance with Aherns recommendations (1999). As being reflexive involves more than having an awareness of ones standpoint, but should be consciously exercised throughout the research process, a full reflexive account is given in section x.x (Finlay, 2002).A main goal in phenomenology is being able to understand what a particular experience is like for someone else (Creswell, 2007). Rooted in the phenomenological approach is the recognition that an experience takes place in a specific context (Willig, 2009). The contextual setting of the study will subsequently be addressed in the following section.ContextTo advocate high-quality research, Stiles (1993) advise explicit awareness of the social and cultural context of the research (as cited in Elliott, Fischer Rennie, 1999). IPA recognises that the individual is positioned in a context, inevitably influencing the individual sense-making process (Clarke, 2009). Furthermore, the aspect of context has often been overlooked in recruitment research, pointed out by Rynes (1991) more than twenty years ago. Erhart and Zieger (2005) continuously emphasize researchers to render the environmental context where organisational recruitment takes place. Several authors have highlighted the important factor of the current labour market (Rynes, Heneman Schwab, 1980 Turban, Campion Eyring, 1995). In response and in the belief of context-depending findings, the following paragraph will give a skeleton description of the context where this study took place.The neck of the woods of Western Norway thrives on the oil business and a majority of workplaces originates within this sector (Boe Hornbug, 2012). Stavanger, one of the largest cities in the region is often referred to as the oil capital of Norway. Several large international oil companies base their Norwegian head offices in this part of the country. Due to unremitting development over the last years and a forecast of continuous growth there is a pressing need for qualified engineers.The present study was conducted in an oil company employing 70.000 across the world, whereby 2000 of these work in Norway (Taraldsen, 2012). A recent survey completed by engineering students from the largest Unive rsity in the area demonstrated the companys high status the company was rated among the top five most common employers (Hult, 2012). The company still emphasizes advertising their vacancies through the most popular job-search base in Norway. In general, job advertisements underline the companys attractiveness by emphasizing their abilities and position in the market. The adverts also encourage potential candidates to apply by embracing the uniqueness of each individual employee. During winter 2011/2012, the company carried out a recruitment process for their graduate programme, hiring 25 trainees after receiving several hundred applications.On the basis of their recent recruitment experience, a number of the newly hired trainees were asked to participate in this study. Acknowledging the criticism of recruitment researchs large focus on graduate samples (Rynes, Orlitzky Bretz, Jr., 1997), nevertheless this was seen as a factor adding to the interest of this study. The social, the c ultural and the heavy media focus on the oil business sector may lead to both expectations and pressure for a new graduate. A survey of the labour market during spring 2012 demonstrated that 82% of engineer graduates already have a contract signed by completion of their education (Amelie, 2012b). Organisations are ambitious in their search for talented candidates and as a result initiate recruitment at early stages (Gjerde, 2012 Halvorsen Ellingsen, 2011). While the offensive approach of competing organisations can contribute to an awareness of the attractiveness of engineers, it can simultaneously force feelings of pressure, rosiness and stress to the process of securing a job.MethodDesignTo explore new graduates experience of a recruitment process, a cross-sectional study of qualitative nature was conducted. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyse semi-structured interviews.ProcedureThe researcher made contact with the organisation through a personal acquain tance in February 2012. macrocosm aware of possible challenges in regards to organisational access, the researcher took several steps to warrant a smooth process (Johl Renganthan, 2010). Through mutual agreement between the researchers area of interest as well as the organisations need, a suitable sample for research was identified. The sample was chosen purposively to ensure all the participants had experienced the phenomena of interest, necessary to give insight into a particular perspective of the experience (Smith, Flowers Larkin, 2009). Striving for a homogeneous sample, sample criteria were set to be recent graduated engineers who through the process of obtaining their first job naturally had been through a recruitment process. It was established precedent to commencement of research that participants had been uncovered to various recruitment activities.To increase credibility for the study the human resource senior manager of the organisation sent out the first informat ive e-mail, load-bearing(a) participation. This was also done to ensure the participants felt comfortable sharing their experience, given they were recently hired at the organisation. Further, the researcher established contact per e-mail with the individual with thorough information (Appendix X Information sheet). E-mail contact is considered efficient for both parties in establishing contact and to make further arrangements for the interview (Seidman, 2006). Given applicatory considerations and various start-dates, 14 individuals were contacted. As IPA is concerned with the quality and not the quantity of accounts, the researcher searched for a smaller sample as 3-6 participants is recommended (Smith, Flowers Larkin, 2009). However it was found serviceable to initially contact a larger number, being aware that some participants may withdraw (Seidman, 2006). All but one were initially positive, however situational factors led to a final sample of 6 participants. The researcher found this sample to fulfil the requirement of both suitable size and saturation (Kvale, 2007).ParticipantsThe sample consisted of Norwegian citizens, 3 females and 3 males (6 in total) between the ages 22-28. All participants had experienced various recruitment processes, including a site visit arranged by the organisation prior to being hired. The participants were all recent graduated engineers with a BSc or an MSc degree within various fields of engineering. All participants had their education from Norwegian universities where recruitment activities arranged by several companies had taken place in various forms. All but one participant resided in the greater area of Stavanger. fictitious names were given to each participant to ensure anonymity.InterviewsInviting to a rich, detailed and personal account of the individuals experience, semi-structured interviews were chosen as method for this study. This is the best-loved method for IPA as its flexibility allows for the experienc e of interest to lead the interview, rather than fitting it into pre-determined categories of a structured interview (Smith, 1995).Two pilot interviews were conducted early in the process, as strongly advised by Seidman (2006). This familiarises the researcher with the complexities an interview may hold. Although not identical with the actual sample, the volunteers for pilot interviews were also recent graduates having undergone recruitment processes in their search for jobs in the past year. Hence pilot interviews were useful to provide insight into possible important aspects of a recruitment experience and also led to changes in the interview structure such as fewer and less non-directive questions. The pilot was also seen as valuable training in interview technique, which agree to Kvale (2007) is mastered through extensive practice.The interview guide was developed after wide reading around the topic of interest as well as inspiration from the pilot. Advised by Smith, Flower and Larkin (2009) it was attempted to approach the area of interest sideways. Rather than asking direct questions, which may be leading the participant, the questions attempted to facilitate a discussion around the topic of interest. The interview commenced by the open-ended question Could you tell me about how you got this job? (Appendix X). For an open-mind in regards to the participants experience, open-ended questions were asked, allowing the participants answer to steer the direction of the interview (Smith, Flowers Larkin, 2009). Although having prepared possible follow-up questions, the researcher exercised flexibility throughout the interviews to fully be able to attend to the personal experience of the individual. Probes and prompts were used as suited. The interview session was rounded off asking each participant if they had anything further to add which had not been addressed in the interview, but that was seen as important in their recruitment experience (Kvale, 2007).Inte rviews were held in the workplace during week 26 and 27 at the participants convenience. The researcher made sure to be allocated a room in sufficient distance from the participants department, to s

Effect of State Control and High Taxes on Economic Growth

Effect of State Control and High Taxes on scotch GrowthTheories pertaining to stinting maturation, with particular regard to those suitable for developing countries, grow changed significantly during the post Second initiation War era. These changes have affected the go up of developing economies, which, in this period, have grown with varying degrees of success marked with notable successes and enormous failures. The formulation of economical policy for a country unavoidably regards to deal with numerous issues, including, very importantly, a de marginination of the extent of res unexclusivea tone down in the economy. The last few decades have seen sharp differences in elements of economic policy and fluctuations in levels of put up control between diametrical countries, as well as in varying degrees of economic performance.State control in the formulation of economic policy characterised economic thinking from the early forties until the late seventies. Classical econo mists, influenced by thinkers like Rosenstein Rodan and Leibenstein, thought of economic growing as a ripening process that entailed the systematic reallocation of factors of production from a low productivity, traditional technology, decreasing returns, mostly primary sector to a mellowed productivity, modern, increasing returns, mostly industrial sector. (Adelman, 1999) They as well get byd that economic growth, in the long term, does not come about in a analog fashion and is distinguished by a number of stable equilibriums, one of which, the low income level trap, retards progress in down the stairsdeveloped economies. Low income and low growth equilibriums, which originally occurred because of low levels of infrastructural and productive majuscule, are perpetuated by low levels of economic growth, and intensify further by Malthusian population growth. In such situations, unorganised and unplanned investments do not, in the first instance, allow for achievements of scale , and along with low incomes, savings, and demand, result in trapping economies in low income level snares. (Adelman, 1999)Classical theorists argued that presidencyal action, investment in the public sector, and strong state control, were essential to take economies out of the unplanned and uncoordinated, low income, low growth and static equilibriums, to ones that were coordinated, dynamic, and capable of high growth and income. State ownership as well as had the support of socialist ideology, common planks adopted by the newly independent developing nations, partly on ideologic considerations, and partly in reaction to the capitalist doctrines followed by their former colonial masters. Many goernments felt strong state control to be the best high focusing to safeguard economic independence and substitute the private sectors deficiencies in skills, management knowledge, disinclination to take risks, and lack of resolve to take up long gestation projects. State owned enterprise s were thought suitable for stabilising agricultural prices, providing employment, taking care of workers, controlling customer prices, and generating cash that could be apply for other public work. (Osterfeld, 1992)Much of the investment and economic policy followed by countries, mostly in the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa, arose out of this thinking, and resulted in huge investments in state accord enterprises, as well as in the domination of the state in the making of economic policy. During the 1960s and 1970s, the public sector grew apace in developing countries, with state-owned enterprises often accounting for most of the growth. This was especially true in developing countries that had recently gained independence. (Miller, 1997)State ownership did not succeed for confused fences. Even though there was little to dispute in the logic behind its theory, or deny the significant infrastructure created in state run economies, these countries fared miserably in terms of GDP growth, inflation control, agricultural and industrial productivity, literacy improvement, elimination of income disparities, or poverty control. Prone to corruption, influenced by partisan elements, and notoriously uneffective and slow in their interventionist actions, governments came to be thought of to be curiously unsuitable for regulating economic policy or managing commercial companies.The widespread disillusionment with state control led to a neo classical reaction, characterised by a movement towards privatisation, like the one in the UK, during the Thatcher years. Supporters of neo classical economics song that governmental control and intervention creates problems, rather than solutions, for underdeveloped countries, and furthermore, that liberalisation of trade is sufficient for inducing and motivating development, providing for economies of scale, and making the economy and industry internationally competitive. The best course of action for governme nt is to minimise its subroutine in economic policymaking, and improve the spread of market economies and efficiencies. A number of developing countries, racked with inflation, unemployment, sluggish growth, and burgeoning away debt, had to necessarily switch to neo classical economic policies, in the 1980s, many of them under the compulsion of the World Bank, and similar other international lending institutions. brass leaders also embraced privatisation because of their desire to (a) improve efficiency and productivity through private, as well as shared ownership, (b) enable managers to focus on economic and not social objectives, (c) eliminate political influence, (d) promote competition, (e) improve quality of goods and services and (f) reduce prices. Reducing state control, economists felt, would also lead to expansion of capital markets, augmentation of overseas inflows and investments, creation of additional sources of revenue revenues, as well as reduction of subsidies a nd national debt. (Adelman, 1999)While privatisation in developing economies is into its second decade, progress has been uneven, and in some cases, even abysmal. In fact, countries like China and India, where governments play strong roles, have been able to achieve significantly high growth rates. Their governments decisively shifted fierceness to export promotion, pushed through institutional reforms, invested significantly in infrastructure, and engaged in selective industrial policy. Experts are now realising that uniform one-shoe-fits-all policies never work and economic policies have to take account of a number of variables to be relevant, and furthermore successful. The uneven success of many developing countries, even after embracing privatisation, has also led to a consensus that governments need to be strong, capable, and committed to carry through any sort of reforms, even those that deal with opening and liberalisation of economies. Furthermore, reduced state control ap pears to work better in economies with high rates of literacy, stable political environments, established legal systems, developed capital markets, and strong banking structures.Governments need to consider unique country specific attributes, be malleable, and play dynamic and changing roles in education, human capital formation, infrastructure, technology acquisition, setting up of institutions, and in the development of an honest and capable bureaucracy. The scope and ambit of governmental policy can be reduced sharply only after the domestic environment provides fit savings and skills, entrepreneurs develop in skills, technology and capital formation, and institutions achieve maturity. While education, literacy and formation of human capital have to remain priorities, governments in developing economies need to initially work towards social development, and creation of institutions, as well as infrastructure. (Kiggundu, 2002) Economic policies, institutions, and governmental fun ctions should allow structural change to occur on a continuous basis, and be ready to change with development the role of government needs to be effective, not minimal.The tax policy of a country is a major component of its total economic policy, and serves the purpose of a tool to collect revenues for governmental spending and guide the growth path of the national economy, as well as sustain and increase its international competitiveness. While the primary role of taxation is to provide money for financing governmental work it also needs to perform other functions like attracting capital, stimulating growth, enable acquisition of technology, stimulate demand and galvanise the economy.While there is universal matement on the necessity of taxes, there are differences on the levels of taxation regarded as optimal, as well as the point beyond which they cease to be economic drivers, and wrench dead burdens. In the traditional neo classical models of economic growth, taxation is thoug ht to affect long term output, but not the rate of growth. (Leach, 2003) This theory, however, is creation questioned by recent models, which iterate that taxation can affect incentives for investment in human or physical capital, and thereby, adversely influence the long term economic growth rate.Higher taxation takes away the incentive to save (a) by reducing the rate of return on savings, and (b) by reducing the income that generates savings. abase savings in turn lead to lesser consumption, lowered demand for goods and services, and lesser capital investment, both at personal and corporate levels, and thus to under nourishment of the economy.While research studies have not been able to relate high rates of personal taxation induce individuals to work less, experience has shown that they touch off people to under declare income, manipulate expenses and indulge in falsehood. The same behavioural response holds good for business corporations and other taxpayers. Economies with ve ry high tax rates like India have witnessed large scale evasion of taxes, hoarding of unaccounted wealth in an unproductive manner, and the emergence of a parallel, illegal, underground economy.Transfer of money from the private sector to the public sector through taxation results in making its use more inefficient.Streams of assured money to the public sector and the government pave the way for creation of further inefficiencies and misuse of funds.The reduced rate of growth also leads to a deadweight passing, a term used to explain the loss of output that would have taken place in the absence of tax.Deadweight costs (losses) go unnoticed, even by those who pay them, because instead of taking from people what they already have, they take from people what they would have had, but will never get. No one sees the extra output that would have been created by economic decisions made in the absence of higher taxes. (Leach, 2003)The incidence of deadweight loss, even if it is just half a percent of GDP, can work out to a phenomenal amount, especially if compounded over a period of several years. Several empirical studies have also revealed that economies with lower tax rates perform much better than those that have higher shares of tax. Thus, eyepatch developing economies undoubtedly need significant funds for infrastructural build-up it would be reasonable to assume that excessively high tax structures have the potential difference to retard economic growth and cause significant harm to growth of human capital and infrastructure, the very objectives they aim to achieve.2. Public Sector DeficitsMost economists agree that the role of the government, especially in the context of developing countries, is to form human capital and create infrastructure across educational, technological, financial, physical, environmental and social sectors. The obvious reason for this lies in the in index of private enterprise to do so. In addition to infrastructural development, publ ic sector spending serves to create demand, stimulate growth, and help kick lead off economies. Funding for these expenses is primarily through collection of taxes, the shortfall being met either through national or international debt, consumption of foreign exchange militia or printing of bills. Development that occurs because of funds obtained through deficit financing provides a solution to moving out of economic and low income stagnation. While the role of the public sector and its use of deficit financing is one of the tenets of Keynesian economics, many neo liberal economists argue that the theory is impractical, has many fallacies, and needs to be avoided by developing economies. (Rangachari, 2001)Neo-liberals argue that excessive deficit financing of the public sector can lead to burgeoning of national or international debt, inflation, or foreign exchange crises, depending upon the method adopted. Increased local borrowing can also disincentivise private sector borrowing b y sucking out money unattached with banks, and causing increases in interest rates. Furthermore, the money arranged through deficit financing is very likely to be inappropriately spent because of numerous demands upon public sector funds, political considerations, bureaucratic delays, and corrupt delivery systems. Government expenditure is complex, multifaceted and driven by opposing forces. The task of ensuring proper allocation of money, as well as its efficient usage, is often beyond the ability of career bureaucrats, and results in gross budgetary distortions, increasing deficits, persistently high inflation, high orthogonal debt, increasing incidence of tax, and retardation of economic growth.The main arguments advanced by the neo liberals is not against the theory of public spending but its implementation and management, particularly in large and federal systems with multi-tiered distribution mechanisms. While there is truth in their assertions, neo-liberals need to recognis e that smaller East Asian economies like Singapore, Malaysia and federation Korea have, at some point of time, resorted to deficit financing, but have still been able to achieve high growth rates through efficient fiscal discipline. The crux of the objections of the opposers of deficit financing lies not in the raising of money but in its inefficient and improper use. The success of deficit financing lies in the commitment of the concerned governmental agencies, and in ensuring that deficit financing is resorted to only to the extent necessary. Money raised through deficit financing should not be diverted to meet burgeoning administration expenditure, or to channels that do not aid development. It would be unjust to think of economists who object to the use of deficit financing, as dyed in the wool cynics who prefer markets to work as freely as they can, and furthermore, believe that governments should not favour any sector of the economy over the other. Their arguments are, for th e most part, dependent upon the experiences of the last fifty years, wherein numerous governments resorted to unbridled state control, excessive taxation, and heavy deficit financing, with severe repercussions upon growth and development.It needs understanding that most of these countries were coming out of centuries of colonial suppression, had very little of physical and human capital very often their leaders took decisions without adequate knowledge of the consequences of their decisions or of their ability to control the consequences of such decisions. In practice, a states capabilities are often as important determinants of its actions as the theoretical rationale. (Expenditure Policy, 2007)The situation is vastly different now and leaderships of developing countries are both knowledgeable and competent. There is no such thing as a universal doctrine in economics, and governments recognise that the application of one-shoe-fits-all theories, without taking account of individual considerations, has led to grievous and costly errors. The same rationale holds good of deficit financing and the solution is to be sleepless and prudent while using it a blanket ban could do more harm than good and impede sincere growth efforts. As such, while deficit financing will often be necessary in framing the economic policies of developing nations, decision makers need to be doubly wakeful about its use and focus on imperatives, namely (a) the formation of human and physical capital, (b) the creation of public and business infrastructure, (c) the build up of banking systems, capital and goodness markets, and economic institutions, (d) the elimination of unnecessary non developmental and administrative expenditure, and (e) the creation of a competent, honest and accountable bureaucracy. Such precautions will go a long way towards eliminating the risks associated with high deficits and enable growing nations to make optimum use of the money made available.BibliographyAdelm an, A, 1999, The role of government in economic development, University of California at Berkeley, Retrieved whitethorn, 3, 2007 from are.berkeley.edu/adelman/Finn.pdfBeard, A., 1997, World Bank Reconsiders Role of Government Report Displays Respect for Regulation. The Washington Times,Choudhury, S. R., 1999, Is Privatisation Really the Answer?. African Business 26+.Das, D. K., 2004, Financial Globalization and the Emerging mart Economies. New York Routledge.Eltis, W., 2000, The Classical Theory of Economic Growth. New York Palgrave.Expenditure Policy, 2007, The World Bank, Retrieved May 3, 2007 from web.worldbank.org//EXTPEAM/0,,contentMDK20233612pagePK210058piPK210062theSitePK384393,00.htmlFerleger, L. A., Mandle, J. R., 1993, No Pain, No Gain Taxes, Productivity, and Economic Growth. Challenge, 36(3), 11+.Growth and vocation in Africa Are Lifting People out of Poverty Faster Than Gleneagles Debt Cancellation., 2006, Western Mail (Cardiff, Wales),Kiggundu, M. N., 2002, Managing Globalization in ontogenesis Countries and Transition Economies Building Capacities for a changing World. Westport, CT Praeger.Leach, G, 2003, The negative impact of taxation on economic growth, IOD, Retrieved May 3, 2007 from www.reform.co.uk/filestore/pdf/negativeimpact.pdfMedium-Term Prospects and Policy Issues in Developing Countries., 1990, 61+.Miller, A. N., 1997, Ideological Motivations of Privatization in Great Britain versus Developing Countries. Journal of International Affairs, 50(2), 391+.Osterfeld, D., 1992, Prosperity Versus Planning How Government Stifles Economic Growth. New York Oxford University Press.Pietrobelli, C. Sverrisson, . (Eds.)., 2003, Linking Local and Global Economies The Ties That Bind. New York Routledge.Rangachari, A, 2001, Spur economy through deficit financing, the Hindu, Retrieved May 3, 2007 from www.hinduonnet.com/2001/09/20/stories/0620013h.htmTimmer, C. P. (Ed.)., 1991, Agriculture and the State Growth, Employment, and Poverty in Developing Countries. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press.World Economy Doing Good Developing Africa, Asia Show Growth., 2006, The Washington Times, p. A17.

Principles Of Additive Manufacturing

Principles Of Additive ManufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) is a general term for all technologies that modernise wears by floor addition of material at the micron level, to achieve the required shape, besides of metal removal technique which is traditional subtractive attend to. During research period, AM the floor by tier manufacturing terminology has been standardised by the Ameri shadower society for testing and materials (ASTM) committee F42 on additive bottom technologies.In the beginning AM technologies were restricted because of commonly accepted leading name Rapid prototyping (RP) for the fruition of separates and prototypes, which was the term use for many age to describe all layer additive manufacturing do byes. Advancement in the material, deal and organisation hardw ar cle ard that the parts could be manufactured with an adequate automatonlike property to let for further applications. This allowed the production of end use models with layer additive t echnologies, so rapid manufacturing (RM) was adopted which distinguish the functional nature of the models ca-cad from the prior(prenominal) RP parts and prototypes. lately AM is used generally and RM and RP are only use to illustrate the particular application of AM technologies.1.2.1 Principles of Additive ManufacturingAM technologies execute models by f apply, sintering or polymerisation of materials in predetermined layers with no needs of tools. AM makes possible the manufacture of complex geometries including internal part detail that are approximately not possible to manufacture using machining and moulding routinees, because process does not require predetermined tool paths, draft angles and under cuts.In AM the layers of a model are formed by slicing CAD data with professional software. All AM system work on the equal principle however, layer thickness depend upon parameters and motorcar being used and thickness of layer range from 10m up to 200m. stratums are clear ly visible on the part surface in AM operation, which controls the character of final product. The relation between thickness of layer and surface druthers is known as staircase effect. However, thinner the layer is the durable the processing time and full(prenominal)er the part resolution.Layers in AM are make up at the top of the previous one in z axis. After layer gets touch on the work platform is dropped down by the superstar layer thickness in z axis and the fresh material layer is recoated differently for number of other orders. In resin based system traversing bump into flatten the resin, in powder based system deposited powder is spread using roller or wiper arm, in some system the material is deposited finished a nozzle which deposits the required material. Because recoating time is even longer than the layer processing time. For that sake multiple parts are classing together in the time of adept material recoating build. Different softwares are available to localize and orient part so that maximum number of parts fundament be built together. Available softwares are VISCAM RP and Smart Space used in MAGICS.Some delicate parts produced through AM technologies need a bide structure to hold the part in work platform during the build process. All AM railcar uses different yield structure that are intentional from specific material for effective use of build parts. Commonly used support structures are thin small pointed teeth to minimising the part contact so that they arsehole be remote easily with the hand tools.1.3 Rapid PrototypingRapid prototyping processes are a relatively recent teaching, accurately set forth as layer manufacturing processes. The first commercial RP machine was released at the AUTOFACT show in Detroit (USA) in November 1987 by the company named 3D systems. The process begins with creating a 3D model using CAD software and it is identical for all built techniques. The model is then convert in to Standard Tri angulation Language (STL) format, this format shows the 3D surfaces as an fabrication of many planner triangles. At next stage STL file slice the 3D model in to layers. As we know the additive manufacturing is gradual process in which parts are manufactures through layers and each layers are joined and process continues until the final part formed. Post processing is usually required to break the surface finish of the product.RPs additive nature allows is to create parts with complicated internal features which is not possible by other means like grok areas and undercuts for that these parts sometimes supports are necessary. (palm, W. (1998, May). Rapid Prototyping primer. Retrieved November 4, 2010, from Learing factory Rapid prototyping hearthstone page http//www.mne.psu.edu)RP products often have low functionality and commonly used as a visual aids with in product development. However material selection decide the prototype testing for short term functionality parts. Most of the RP materials are polymer based, which is for special(a) part functionality. Although for little part functionality paper and starch based materials are used. RP modernised the product development with an ability to produce single and multiple somatogenic models, facilitating the reduction of product development cycle time ranging for different industries.1.3.1 Rapid prototyping technologiesThere is a huge number of experimental RP technologies either in development or used by small groups of individuals. RP techniques those are currently commercially available includingStereolithography (SLA) is the first RP technique developed by 3D systems in 1987. SLA builds single layer at a time by tracing beam of optical maser on the vat of liquid UV curable photo polymer resin. UV light strikes the surface of the polymer resin and solidify the single layer of resin, when one layer is cured the built platform is dropped down by single layer thickness (Schmitt, Q. L. (2005). Rapid protot yping in dentistry technology and application. Rapid prototyping in dentistry technology and application , 11-13,42,44). A resin filled sword sweeps everyplace the cross section and fill it with fresh material for further curing at the top of the previous layer, process continues until the model is produced. Material self resinous property bond each layer and form a complete 3D model, fabricated part is cleaned in dawanol resin, alcohol and then cured in a UV oven. (wikipedia. (2010). wikipedia free encyclopedia. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from wikipedia web site http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stereolithography)Selective optical maser sintering (SLS) uses powdered materials. This is one of the systems major advantages that a part could be built in any fusible powdered material. SLS technology was developed in Texas University, which was commercialized in 1993 by company named DTM. In 2001 the DTM were bought out by 3D systems. (http//www.jharper.demon.co.uk/rptc01.htm)This technol ogy works by selectively sintering fine powder materials directly using an infrared (IR) laser from CAD. Numbers of thermoplastic materials are processed in SLS like nylon (polyamide) for rapid tooling application, aluminium filled nylon, polystyrene for sacrificial frame in investment casting and gas filled nylon. Part produced through this process used as functional model as hale as visual prototypes because of substantially mechanical properties.However as compared to traditional tool marque the part had poor mechanical properties, so material required positioning processing to form dense models, thus it was very difficult to control the part accuracy because of introduced stresses in processing stage. With the combination of EOS GmbH and Electrolux a special alloy powder was developed, which did not develop shrinkage distortions. Moreover introduction of fibre laser technology allowed the introduction of Selective laser melting (SLM) since the fibre laser allowed the sinter ing of metals that were completely melted in to dense part with no need of post process infiltration.Numbers of other technologies have been commercialised since 1991 such as laminated object manufacturing (LOM), fused deposition modelling (FDM), 3 dimensional printing (3DP). Recent technological availability of RP is increased with material diversity, which increased the efficiency of creating physical prototype in in advance(p) product development.1.4 Definition of Rapid ManufacturingFirstly, it is essential to experience a definition of rapid manufacturing. The way that several parts are manufactured will change in the future. RM has been explained as the use of a CAD-based machine-controlled AM process to construct parts that are used directly as finished products or constituents (Hopkinson et al. 2006, p. 1)Since with the time change, the research on AM technologies and materials has advanced and the feasibility of fabrication of functional, low batch parts are increasingly in many industries. Many industries are examining the available technology and investigating the possibilities of externalize to increase the soaring functional component and to reduce product to market time. A key benefit of RM approach claimed that it proposes the opportunity of mass customization, however discount be cost effective for individual short run part, clearing conventional designing constraints of manufacturing processes. RM bigly minimised wastage of raw material as compared to subtractive process, so got popular in aerospace industry, where expensive metal alloys are extensively used. The bulls eye material such as si, ABS, nylon and aluminium has been the important part in the pass around of RM technologies.(http//www.hse.gov.uk/horizons/rapidmanufacturing.pdf)The introduction of RM is not as simple as it first appears, although research in RM technologies and application are attainmented by RP. The evolution is still in progress to link RM from research to actual manufacturing for that number of matters to be addressed that prevail need explanation and consensus before it can happen. RP produced prototype were not considered for product repeatability and quality measures. Since products of RM have proposed functionality, industrial certification and the requirements include material control, accuracy, speed, surface finish and part repeatability, so that RM is successfully applied in many industries including medical, automotive and aerospace to produce low quantity of small, richly value parts with complex geometries that is difficult through conventional methods.(http//www.rm-platform.com/index2.php?option=com_docmantask=doc_viewgid=129Itemid=5)In future, RM technology addition in industries can offer small complex design feature parts that ever imagined with great manufacturing facilities and the extension of approach. Development of advanced materials and equipment enable the fabrication of complex product by directly manipulati ng the matters on a molecular scale.1.5 Selective laser melting (SLM)1.5.1 SLM backgroundSelective laser melting machine was first introduced by Fockele and Schwarze (FS) of Germany in 1999 with the support of Fraunhofer institute of laser technology that was steel powder based SLM machine. Later in 2004 first SLM machine named Realizer 250 SLM was released commercially after FS coped up with MTT (MCP tooling technologies) and in 2005 high resolution machine named SLM Realizer 100 was released.Since the release of the MCP Realizer SLM, other manufacturer such as Concept laser and EOS released machine with different process named Laser curing and Direct metal laser sintering respectively. Concept laser (GmbH) first released M3 Liner and M1 Cusing in 2001, later they released another machine named M2 Cusing to produce oxidizable materials like titanium and aluminium alloys. EOS released the machine named EOSINT M 270 DMLS in 2003 and termed as the most common machine for direct metal fabrication. In 2008 MTT and 3D systems announced a distribution agreement for the rights to distribute SLM machines in Americas and Japan. In 2008-09 new version of SLM was released by MTT named SLM 250 and SLM 125.1.5.2 Basic principles of SLMSLM is a powder based additive manufacturing process that permits attaining 3D functional parts from a CAD data. SLM follows the same process route as SLS, where complete melting of powder occurs instead of sintering or fond(p) melting.Process begins with the deposition of thin layer of powder thickness ranging from 50m to 75m across a substrate platform. A high power fibre laser scans the powder surface, the generated heat melt the powder particles and form molten pool. Once the layer has been scanned, the platform drops down by single layer thickness in z axis and the fresh layer of powder is deposited and the process is repeated until the entire built is completed. Loose powders are secluded once the fully dense part is complete. SLM p arts must be completed in inert gas atmosphere such as argon to remove oxygen from the building chamber. Supports like thin teeth shaped are needed to secure hanging features due to shrinkage of material solidification. The substrate is removed from the build chamber once the process gets complete and supports are removed carefully.SLM termed as the most viable techniques for direct fabrication of complex feature part of metals. SLM can permit the design optimization and production of the complex functionalities beyond the capabilities of traditional techniques, which is possible because of accuracy, versatility and the laser beam spot size. The small laser spot size minimizes the area to be melt enabling the manufacturing the part of high resolution. However, to be positioned SLM in RM category as a general method to achieve greater recognition in companies, methods and development need to be changed to perform and prove itself as being reliable, repeatable and cost effective prod uction process.SLM besides known as freeform fabrication process and capable to build thin wall complex features models of high resolution and extends its capabilities than the conventional processes such as customised medical implant especially alveolar crown and bridge frame work, tooling inserts with conformal cooling channel and functional models.SLM concerns primarily subprogram around the application of high powered fibre laser to generate high temperature to completely melt the powder, surface roughness is the master(prenominal) concerns of SLM because of high heat enter causes material desiccation and generation of spatter that subjected by melting and re-solidifying. But SLM parts cover committed microstructure parts and material properties that make possible this technique for the application.Benefits of SLMParts produced in this process are nearly 100% dense and have same mechanical strength as the original materialAlmost no powder material is wasted, the escaped p owders which was not solidified can be reusedSLM offers minimum time to market, exact shape generation without an expansive moulds, process flexibility and great utilization of materialSLM powder bed technology permits cheap and fast powder metallurgy. The alloys to be tested can utilized straightly with in the prototyping apparatus and alloys can easily accustomed with the change of elemental ratio of powdersDrawbacks of SLMSLM is regarded as the high temperature gradient, which causes thermal stress build up and rapid solidification so brusk to grainy surface finished parts are producedThe inadequate availability of some materials in powder form restricts the range of material for processing. Process should be optimised for available material(Selective laser melting, 10 December http//raproto.com/?cat=31, accessed on 25/5/2011 and http//www.mtm.kuleuven.be/Onderzoek/a2p2/researchtopics/SLM, accessed on 26/5/2011)1.5.3 SLM materialsSLM technology worked with all mayhap relevant me tals for part production. Process starts with identifying the physical behaviour of material being used with microscopic level of process understanding. In order to develop technique, the main quality aspect of parts being produced includes surface roughness, high functional strength, accuracy, density, hardness, residual stresses have to be observed before applied for the industrial applications. SLM system always develops parts with variety of materials and new ranges in which material property is easily changed with the property requirement with changing the mixture ratio. The range of materials are used that improved the new work powders such as tool steel, stainless steel, titanium alloy, aluminium alloy, cobalt chrome and inconel.(http//www.mtt-group.com/data/pdf/extract/0413-MTT_2pp_SLM_A4_%20Flyer_v1.pdf)Materials are described below according to property, alloy and applications(http//www.xyzinnovation.com.au/assets/slm-brochure_290709.pdf)TitaniumMechanical properties High strength, low thermal expansion, high corrosion resistance, excellent machinability and bio compatibility and low weight.Alloys Pure titanium, Ti-6Al-7Nb and Ti-6Al-4VApplications Medical implants, jewellery and design, F1 motor sport and aerospaceCobalt chromeMechanical properties High strength, excellent corrosion resistance and bio compatibility and high toughnessAlloy CoCr ASTM F75Applications medical implant, dental and high temperatureStainless steel, tool steelMechanical properties High toughness, hardness and corrosion resistance and excellent machinabilityAlloys 316L stainless steel, H13 tool steel, 17-4PH, 50CrMo4, CrNiMo 13-4 and M333Applications medical implants, spindle and screws, plastic dig moulds and maritimeAluminiumMechanical properties Excellent alloying properties and processability and low densityAlloys Al-Si-10Mg, Al-Si-12Mg, Al-Si9-Cu3, Al-Si-7Mg and Al-Mg4Applications Aerospace, automotive, consumer goodsInconelMechanical properties Good mechanical strength , excellent corrosion resistance, outstanding welding ability and good creep rapture strength up to 700CAlloys Inconel 718 and Inconel 625Applications Aerospace, gas turbines, space shuttle and crafts, nuclear reactors and rocket motorsIntegration of SLM in production systemsProcess chain business office SLM process chain PartFinish(Machining)Part DesignProcessStrategyProcessControlProcessPreperationDesigned for optimized Part orientation built strategy online defect Interface forFunctionality (quality/ build time) -built parameters detention machining(light, weight, -support structure -under cuts etc -close loop controlenergy efficient etc )(www.materialscluster.lu/content/download//Wilhelm_Intermat2011.pdf, accessed on 30/5/2011)SLM machinesSLM50 RealizerWorlds first SLM desktop machine to produce quickly and extremely accurately manufacture functional dental parts based on CAD data. It is well appropriate for dental laboratories and similar environments for the production of brid ge and crown frame and brackets. This machine is capable to produce 100 parts/ months. SLM50 designed a component with height up to 40mm and diameter up to 60mm.(http//www.industrialnews.org/2011/03/worlds-first-slm-desktop-machine-dental.htmlixzz1NtOkViL9)SLM50 specificationsConstruction volume platform diameter 70 mm, max. construction height 40 mmThickness of layers 20-50 mLaser type Fibre laser 20 to 120 W spot supply 16A, 230VPower consumption 1.0 KWArgon consumption approx. 30 Liter/hDimensions W800 x D700 x H500 mmWeight approx. 80 kg software program ReaLizer Control SoftwareMaterials Cobalt Chrome, Stainless Steel 316 L,gold-, silver-, palladium-, titanium alloys(http//www.progold.com/GB/Files/Realizer.pdf)httphttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPSveLQBO9KYjnA291ARieNEU9_PhL7B944oi0mNXG6XqeZ2EMYAW1lwaJdL9TzbmURk46L-GWfW96vGNzG3DSphDT-f744ZD7Vk9Y1gUr7lK-WSxYEXGhLtlic62A59x2u6yM2W8vacVT/s1600/SLM-50-1024682.jpg(http//www.industrialnews.org/2011/03/worlds-first-slm-desktop-machine-dental.html)SLM100 RealizerMachines capability to design a component with 100mm high cylindrical constr uction area with 125mm diameter, because of the dropped laser spot size to 20m. The machine can produce parts with delicate features, high surface quality and maximum wall thickness. SLM100 is appropriate for dental laboratories or related environments.SLM100 specificationsConstruction volume Platform diam. 125 mm Max. overall constr. height 100 mmLayer thicknesses 20-100 mLaser type Fibre laser 20 to 200 WPower supply 16A, 400VPower in stupefy 1.5 kWArgon consumption app. 35 l/hDimensions W900 x D800 x H2400 mm, SLM100A additional display support armWeight 500 kgSoftware ReaLizer control softwareMaterials Tool steel H 13, titanium, titanium V4,aluminium, cobalt chrome, stainless steel 316 L,Inconel, Gold, ceramic materials under development(http//www.realizer.com/en/wp-content/themes/realizer/ReaLizer.pdf)(http//www.twi.co.uk/content/laser_slm.html)SLM125The SLM125 machine presented with a range of laser from 100-200W with 30mm laser spot size diameter. This machine is capable to b uilt pattern geometries of 200m. Surface finish is controlled by laser scan approach, however build speed and surface finish is majorly depends on material that to be processed such as tool steel take more time than the aluminium and titanium. For fully dense part the both parameters surface finish and build speed should range from 15-30m and 5-200cm3/hr respectively.(http//www.sme.org/cgi-bin/find-articles.pl?ME09ART20ME20090401SME)This machine has been designed for the simplicity to the users with in a industry with touch screen features, which cleans down the process. Robustness of the machine has given precedence to the adopters. The recoater blade used in this system is soft and carefully designed to reduce consumable cost by rotating same blade many times before replacement, and low filter element causes low gas consumption, results machine reliable and minimum in cost to users.SLM125 specificationsConstruction volume 125mm x 125mm x 125mm (x,y,z)Layer thicknesses 20 to 100mLa ser type Fibre laser 100-200 WPower supply 16A, 400VPower inputArgon consumptionmDimensionsWeightSoftware ReaLizer control softwareMaterials Tool steel H13, titanium , titanium V4, aluminium,cobalt chrome, stainless steel 316 L, Inconel(http//www.mtt-group.com/data/pdf/extract/0413-MTT_2pp_SLM_A4_%20Flyer_v1.pdf)MTT SLM25(http//develop3d.com/profiles/box-clever)SLM250This machine measures construction area of 250-250-250mm. The space in the processing area can be used to produce maximum number of parts with loading numerous parts at the top of each other. SLM250 is equipped with high power laser up to 400W with an automated filter machine to remove and recycle loose powders from the processing area. High part output makes it appropriate for industrial manufacturing process.SLM250 specificationsConstruction volume 250 x 250 mm , maximum construction height 220 mmLayer thicknesses 20-100 mLaser type Fibre laser 100, 200 or 400 WPower supply 16 A, 400 VPower input 2.5 kWArgon consumpti on app. 70 litres/hDimensions W1800 x D1000 x H2200 mm w/o sieving machineWeight 800 kgSoftware ReaLizer control softwareMaterials Tool steel H13, titanium , titanium V4, aluminium,cobalt chrome, stainless steel 316 L, Inconel(http//www.realizer.com/en/wp-content/themes/realizer/ReaLizer.pdf)http//www.renishaw.com/media/img/gen/8a0166f5acc64a4190c81957ffe11b05.jpg(http//www.renishaw.com/en/renishaw-acquires-mtt-investments-limited14897)D1 (http//doc.utwente.nl/52914/1/Wa1025.pdf)D2 (http//pic.sagepub.com/content/220/6/857.full.pdf)D3 (http//www.meditech.cf.ac.uk/pages/Individula%20Meetings/fifteenth%20Nov%202007/presentations/R%20Bibb%20-%20PDR%20-%20ARUP%20Nov%202007.pdf)SLM 125 machine runSLM 125 machine operated in the following mannerTurn on from the back- MTT 125 screen showed up- Tap on the screen- Login with the user name MTT2- Tap light (light readables)- Tap to open the door- hold reset and open the doorWiper reset Tap to wiper and rhytidoplasty on the screen- find wiper home- rap to substrate and set thickness to 0- press Esc- hold reset and open the door. Tap to wiper and elevator- find wiper home- Go to FWD POS- then unscrew the wiper arm from both endsTo draw material holder or wiper tension unscrew both the sappy placed at the ends with pressing at the top. Attach back both the wiper tension and wiper arm to their respective positions- shut the door in front placing the platform in the machine , first measure the base plate with vernier calliper then Tap to wiper and elevator- find wiper home- tap at substrate and set the thickness to 14.5- tap at table auto (it will built)- Tap at set datum- find table home. Go again- substrate set to 0- Go to top POS- Tap at Go to Centre to position wiper at the centreCUsersP10507465DesktopWiper_tension1.JPGLift wiper and place paper then tight it. Clockwise rotation of screw to loose and anticlockwise to tight it. Later paper is removed. Just ensure that you should put the same pressure during screwing. Af ter setting the wiper arm at the paper sheet thickness- close the door- tap to wiper and elevator- find wiper homeTo clean filter assembly Remove both caping placed at the top and bottom and do not forget to remove the rings- unbolt the holder- remove the filter (twist and draw)- clean the chamber- push filter to attach- bolt itCUsersP10507465DesktopFilter_Assy.JPGCUsersP10507465DesktopFilter_removal.JPGTap to wiper and elevator- find wiper home- set datum- Dose to 3- Go to FWD POS- open with guardianship reset button. close down the door- find wiper home- Esc- select- auto (safe change filter valve- yes)- auto operation starts- click ok- Isolate change filter- confirm. Operation or part building starts and it logged out automatically after finishing the operationLogin again with user name MTT2- tap to wiper and elevator- find wiper home- Go to up- Esc- open the doorCleaning Slowly remove the powder with the brush- later hover it to clean properly. Unscrew the base plate- Brush ag ain not to waste powder. Close the door- wiper elevator- find wiper home- Go to FWD POS- Esc- open the door holding reset buttonUnscrew the wiper plate and clean- the red strip on the wiper arm turns black at worked portion means damaged. Unscrew material holder- brush the machine to restore loose powder to the holes (for titanium alter is really important)Over flow cleaning Unscrew loose powder holder underneath the platform. Put screw at close position and turn around to unscrew it to recover loose powders- screw it and place it in desired place including rings and capingSet wiper back at the position to clean lense- unscrew it and clean it with proper handlingDental suprastructureThe manufacturer is also is involved in the dental industry, for which the company manufactures products such as implant-supported suprastructures. victimisation patient-specific geometry data, acquired through medical imaging or 3-D scanning, the personalised structure is designed in software and prin ted in titanium. As a concluding step, the dental technician finishes off the structure and completes the final prothesis.Through patented DentWise technology, geometry and surface retention related limitations set by traditionally moulded or milled suprastructures no longer apply.Through digital SLM technology, geometry and surface retention related limitations set by traditionally moulded or milled suprastructures no longer apply, Mercelis says. In addition, the implant connections are completed with high precision. Implant bars and bridges achieve a fit accuracy better than 20 m at the implant interface. They also can integrate complex surface textures and sealing edges. DentWise suprastructures are manufactured using ultra-strong titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V, grade V), which outperforms the commonly used titanium grade II in terms of mechanical propertie(http//www.emdt.co.uk/article/selective-laser-melting)

Loss Of A Friend :: essays research papers

Loss of a FriendToday in society many tidy sum rely on computers as much as they rely on their lungs to keep breathing. If Y2K had occurred, modern life would have collapsed into a world of chaos. state would non know what to do with themselves or their families. Three main occupations supercede the rest in the amount of chaos they would bring to life peoples life savings would no longer be accounted for, the g overnment would not be able to monitor the activity of other countries activities, and people would line the streets looting for all they can hold.The first problem is that people who had worked so weighed down to save money for their children would have lost all of the money they had saved. The banks keep al of their records on computers and there would be nothing anyone could do to save their money. The people would storm the banks trying to get their money back. People need to have the security of that much money to fall back on in slickness something happened but wh en something finally did happen it would not only take away their security but the money they had invested. Americans invest money in hopes to get wealthy or to have so money put aside for retirement but with no computers they cant prove that they had stocks in the first place. People would start to get angry and then violent.The second problem facing this now primitive society is that the government would have no way of lettered if a strike from an adversary was eminent. Any group of people that wished to send a few nuclear warheads wrapped in pretty red bows over to the white house would have no problems doing so. All of our military intelligence would be lost and global chaos would short follow. Peoples jeopardy would soon overtake them and they would feel the way Freud explains when he speaks of the id that lives inside of every human being. These wild feelings lead to the third social problem that would develop.The third problem that would occur almost immediately after the computers shut down is looting. After every major event where the immediate outcome was negative looting soon followed. People realize that all of the things that they never had that they always wanted is at their fingertips. All they have to do is walk down to the nearest store, throw something big(a) through the window and suddenly everything is free.

Everyone and No One: Jorge Luis Borges and Shakespeare Essay -- Literar

I am not sure that I exist, actually. I am all the writers that I have read, all the people that I have met, all the women that I have loved all the cities that I have visited, all my ancestors . . . Perhaps I would have liked to be my father, who wrote and had the decency of not publishing. Nothing, nothing, my friend what I have told you I am not sure of anything, I know nothing . . . Can you imagine that I do not even know the date of my death? (Borges-Quotations)The work of Jorge Luis Borges has been the subject of much literary criticism and research. Scholars have spent entire lifetimes attempting to pinpoint the meaning of his works. The occurrence that many of them use the above citation to do so sums up the enigma of Borges the quote most likely to be used to explain him cannot be authenticated. In seventy-four short stories, over one hundred sonnets and thousands of essays, reviews, lectures, literature introductions and notes, the quote found in many quote collections an d in an abundance of text file on the author may not be his words at all.Far from this paradox disproving any theories on the themes and intentions of Borges, the very fact that writers continue quote to quote this passage illustrates his thoughts on memory, identity and authorship perfectly. Memory is malleable and transferrable. Memory is identity. Authorship is identity. Therefore, authorship is memory and is malleable and transferrable. There is no define work from Borges defining these themes. Even to apply them to his fictions, one must absorb them all.The fictions of Borges are brief, many as short as three pages. One of these (at eightsome pages) was the last story he wrote, Shakespeares Memory. Published after his death in 1986, he touc... ...inberger. spic-and-span York Penguin Putnam, 1999. 463-472. Print.Paul M. Willenberg. The Garden of Jorge Luis Borges. Swarthmore University. Web. 31 Oct. 2011.The Eccentric Borges cardinal UCL Analyses. University College London . Web. 21 Oct. 2011.Richard Burgin. Conversations with Jorge Luis Borges. New York Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969. 26-27. Print..Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number. Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of imaginativeness creation (if available). Medium of publication. Date of access.Lastname, First name. Title of Essay. Title of Collection. Ed. Editors Name(s). Place of Publication Publisher, Year. Page range of entry. Medium of Publication.Whitman, Walt. I Sing the Body Electric. Selected Poems. New York Dover, 1991. 12-19. Print.