Music and Literature Essay

Music and literature have played an important role in our community and society since not only humans but the earth was born. It’s still a great mystery as to who invented or made music first. But first of all we shouldn’t focus as to when was music made but should see that what actually music is? How to define music has long been the subject of debate; philosophers, musicians, and, more recently, various social and natural scientists have argued about what constitutes music. The definition has varied through history, in different regions, and within societies. Definitions vary as music, like art, is a subjectively perceived phenomenon. Its definition has been tackled by philosophers of art, lexicographers, composers, music critics, musicians, linguists, sociologists, and neurologists. Music may be defined according to various criteria including organization, pleasantness, intent, social construction, perceptual processes and engagement, universal aspects or family resemblances, and through contrast or negative definition. Music is sometime said to be a branch of literature. Now the question stands that what is literature? Literature is the body of all written works; the collected creative writing of a nation, people, group, or culture; all the papers, treatises, etc. published in academic journals on a particular subject. Its particularly hard to understand but in simple words literature means a piece of work written deeply form the or whatever your experiences and brain say and to put that experience and the work of brain into a piece of writing. Literature comes from the Latin word literra meaning a piece of writing. Literature has many branches like narrative stories, novels, poems and etc. Music is also a famous branch of literature. There are many music lovers found all over the world. Music is further separated into many other branches e.g. jazz, pop and etc. Music has been with us since the start of our beautiful earth.

Analysis of Newspaper Research Report Results Essay

A study recently published in the San Jose Mercury News suggests the parents of obese children do not perceive their children as obese. An analysis of this study, its methods, and its findings is an important exercise in understanding the meaning and relevance of all research. The ability to read research critically and understand how it was generated allows us to identify possible design flaws or to realize the validity of its conclusions and make appropriate use of the data. The study was conducted through an internet research firm for the University of Michigan. Its goal was to determine the percentage of parents who realized their children are obese and to compare it to the percentage of parents that do not realize their children are obese. The participants were selected by simple random sampling and were considered a representative sample of American parents. The sample included 2060 respondents (Runk, 2007). The data appeared to be collected through internet surveys. The study was observational and measured continuous data sets including the height, weight, age, and gender of the participant’s children (Bennett, Briggs, & Triola, 2003). A body mass index greater than or equal to the 95th percentile in comparison to children the same age and gender was the criteria used for obesity in this study. The data from these children was then compared the national percentage of children considered obese by the same standards. Qualitative data pertaining to whether or not the parents thought their children were â€Å"slightly overweight, very overweight, or about right† was also collected (Runk, 2007). Although it was not specifically stated, I hypothesize the children studied were broken down into bins by age and gender. The first bin comprised of obese girls six to 11 years old and the second bin obese boys six to11 years old. For the 12 to 17 year old group the first bin included obese girls 12 to 17 years old and the second bin included obese boys 12 to 17 years old. I further hypothesize the parents of children in each group were binned according to their response to the qualitative assessment of their child’s weight. For each age group the first bin included parents who answered †Ã‚  very overweight,† the second bin included parents who answered â€Å"slightly overweight,† and the third bin included parents who answered â€Å"about normal† (Bennett, Briggs, & Triola, 2003). The findings in the six to 11 year old group revealed 15% of the children in this age group met the criteria for obesity. This finding was not significantly different from the national figure which reports 17% of all children in the United States are obese by the standard of this study. Thirteen percent of the parents of obese children in this age group categorized their children as â€Å"very overweight,† 37% classified their children as â€Å"slightly overweight,† and 43% reported their children were about right† (Runk, 2007). The findings in the 12 to 17 year old group revealed 10% of children in this age group met the criteria for obesity. This finding is significantly lower than the national figure for obese children. Thirty one percent of the parents of obese children in this age group reported their children as being â€Å"very overweight,† 56% reported their children as â€Å"slightly overweight,† and 11% reported their children were â€Å"about right† (Runk, 2007). Researchers concluded both age groups under reported the incidence and severity of obesity when compared to the national statistic stating 17% of all children meet the criteria for obesity outlined in this study (Runk, 2007). I agree the severity of obesity was greatly under reported in both groups. However, I disagree with the assertion the incidence of obesity was under reported in the six to 11 year old group. I believe the difference between 15% and 17% could easily be a coincidence. It may also have resulted because the internet was used to collect data and poor children are more likely to be obese and less likely to have internet access (Vieweg, Johnston, Fernandez & Pandurangi, 2007). I do agree that obesity seemed to be considerably under reported in the 12 to 17 year old group. A statistically significant difference (about 7%) occurred between that age groups 10% incidence and the 17% national incidence of childhood obesity (Runk, 2007). Such a large difference is unlikely to be a coincidence and supports the theory that obesity was under reported in this age group or  confounding was present (Bennett, Briggs, & Triola, 2003). Critical analysis of this data reveals many strengths and a few significant weaknesses in the design and implementation of this study. The goal is clearly stated, to determine the percentage of parents who realized their children are obese and to compare it to the percentage of parents that do not realize their children are obese. This goal was clearly accomplished for all the study participants. The source of the study is the University of Michigan which can be considered a reliable, neutral source. The sampling is sufficiently large, but whether or not it is representative of childhood obesity in this country is questionable. A serious problem with the sample exists as a result of using the internet as the setting. High proportions of obese children are socioeconomically disadvantaged and may not have internet access. The internet setting is likely to account for the apparent under reporting of obese children noted in this study and as such is a probable source of confounding. The criterion for obesity is well defined and could be easily measured in all the subjects, but I remain concerned a significant portion of obese children may have been inadvertently omitted from consideration. In the end, however, I find there is a strong practical use for this data. Healthcare providers are made conscious of the fact that the parents are, more often than not, genuinely unaware their child is obese. This data supports the decision to open a dialogue with parents and offer teaching about the dangers and prevention of childhood obesity the clear course of action. References: Bennett, J., Briggs, W., & Triola, M. (2003). Statistical Reasoning for EverydayLife, Second Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison Wesley. RetrievedDecember 5, 2007, from University of Phoenix rEsource HCS 438. Runk, D. (2007, December 24). Parents don’t realize their kids are fat. MercuryNews (San Jose). Retrieved December 28, 2007, fromhttp://www.mercurynews.com/healthandscience/ci_7799918?nclick_check=1. Vieweg, V., Johnston, Fernandez, A., & Pandurangi. A. (2007). Correlation between high risk obesity groups and low socioeconomic status in school children. Southern Medical Association. Retrieved January 12, 2008, from University of Phoenix library [EBSCOhost].

Myspace vs. Facebook

Comments, pictures, â€Å"about me† section, and last login date are a few of many things one can choose to show or keep hidden on his or her profile. Namespace allows its user to choose songs to post on their profile. This means the user has the ability to create an infinite amount of song playbills for friends to listen to while visiting his or her profile page. Namespace also supplies Its user with a personal homepage aside from a profile page. This Is In turn helpful because it allows the user to check messages, notifications, and picture comments. Namespace has simple and â€Å"to he point† privacy settings as compared to Faceable.The user may choose to allow everyone to view his or her profile, or Just his or her friends. This same rule Is applied to picture album access. Namespace also tends to aim its site towards teenagers by providing its users with a cornucopia of gaming applications like â€Å"Mafia Wars† and â€Å"Sorority Life†, and allowing its user to find friends by high school name. A major downfall regarding the Namespace site is its inability to limit the number of friends a user can have; he or she may have two million friends and up which can be Mathew overwhelming to the account holder.Namespace carries a lot of spam on its site as well. On any occasion, a user's inbox can be filled with unnecessary messages from anonymous people. One of the most problematic Issues with Namespace Is the fact that It Is extremely easy for one's account to get fished; or hacked. By simply opening a message, a Namespace user's account may become hacked or encounter a harmful virus. Faceable, a second and recently more popular social networking site, delivers the same purpose as Namespace but differs in certain aspects. A Faceable user has no actual â€Å"profile†.He or she is provided with one page that is seen by friends. The user has a comment wall that displays recent activity which cannot be customized. Faceable allows its user to post â€Å"What's On Your Mind? † in the form of status updates. Unlike Namespace, Passbook's page design is the same for everyone, meaning that nothing on a user's page can be customized or tweaked to his or her own specifications. Faceable also has an over abundance of applications as well as unnecessary groups one can Join. The user may add as many applications as he or she wants, and can Join groups like † I hate cold peanut butter†.One unsatisfactory feature of Faceable Is Its complicated privacy settings. â€Å"Friends of friends† can still view an individual's page unless he or she specifically changes it, tagged photos can stall De seen Day toners even IT ten user may not want TN s, an I Is extremely easy to view other people's wall and photo albums if one user posts a picture or link on another users wall whom he or she is already friends with. Faceable is a more mature site than Namespace in the aspect of its site being geared towards college students and people in the business world.Faceable allows it user to be â€Å"straight forward† by posting links and having simple methods of contact, instead of slowing the user down by having musical playbills and such. Another positive feature about Faceable is it being much easier to keep in close contact with friends and family members. This is due to the friend limit Faceable gives to its users. In actuality, both Namespace and Faceable are great social networking sites. Namespace has positive and negative elements as well as Faceable, and they can both be used according to one's personal reasons for socially networking. Word count: 762

Athens of America Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Athens of America - Coursework Example In addition, they liked participating in pottery, literature, music and skills in carpentry. All these developments in Athens happened in Philadelphia. In 1876, Philadelphia developed the Centennial exhibition. It was a centre where people took their art for exhibition. Art is an activity borrowed from the Greek people. Architects in the city developed the first rural cemetery. That was in 1836. The cemetery served the city for over a century. People in Philadelphia were very much into music. It made them develop a recording industry to promote their music culture. The city boasted of developing many recording studios in the US. The art of music came from Greek because, before music, Philadelphia concentrated in entrepreneurship. It is evident with the rich culture; Philadelphia had followed the ways of Athens. People in that city did their work with much hard work. Textile industry was a common thing during the early years. Philadelphia had its own textile industry in Manayuck. The textile industry grew rapidly in the early 1800s. The textile industry transformed the banks of Schuylkill River. The city dwellers participated in early industry revolution. The Schuylkill River provided the best flood plain and best landscape to build industries. The people in the city were hard working that they established the best flour centres. It led to developments of roads linking various towns to the city. The local administration at that time was impressed by the hard work of the people. The Schuylkill navigation company improved the conditions of the river in order to boost industrial revolution. The city possessed rich people like Wigard Levering. He assisted the local people in promoting the industrial culture. He ensured it was a success by leasing his property for development of farming and dwellings (OConnor, 2006). Nathan Levering was the pioneers of carpentry in Philadelphia. He assisted in building housing projects

Labor Arbitration Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Labor Arbitration Process - Essay Example Another common way of dispute resolution is mediation. It also involves the role of one mediator, but his role is more of a compromiser than a final decision maker. An arbitrator attempts to resolve a dispute by hearing from both management and workers to arrive an amicable solution, which is binding on both parties. The role of a mediator is facilitating the communication between deputed parties to find a solution by themselves in the presence of mediator. Rarely does the mediator exert pressure to accept a solution. Conciliation is another way out for labor problems, but it is more or less same as that of mediation. Today, arbitration is used worldwide as a mechanism of resolving labor problems, and indeed in many other areas. The common forms of arbitration can be defined as below (Arbitration and Mediation): "Compulsory arbitration is a dispute resolution that is required by law. Widely accepted in Australia and New Zealand, compulsory arbitration was practiced by the National War Labor Board during World War II. It is a binding process. Expedited arbitration is a process intended to speed up the arbitration process with an informal hearing and awards generally rendered within five days. It was first used in 1971 in settling disputes in the steel industry. Expedited arbitration was als6 designed as a cost-saving method of dispute resolution. Interest arbitration is the use of an arbitrator or arbitrator board to render a binding decision in resolving a dispute over new contract terms (also called non-justifiable arbitration). Final offer selection arbitration is an interest arbitration process in which the arbitrator or arbitrator board selects either the union or management proposal to the solution. There can be no compromised decisions. This process is also termed either-or arbitration. Tripartite arbitration is a process wherein a three-member panel of arbitrators is used to reach a decision. Both labor and management select an arbitrator and the third is selected by the other two arbitrators or the parties to the dispute as a neutral participant". This essay is an attempt to review the history and future of labor arbitration in the United States, about which there have been many misconceptions. The essay attempts to clarify this much debated issue in a simple and lucid manner and to give an idea about the role of labor arbitration in labor relations. Secondary sources such as internet alone is used to justify the main arguments. History of Labor Arbitration in the U.S. This is a much debates and controversial topic in the United States. There are many misconceptions about the evolution of labor arbitration process in the country. The history of arbitration as a dispute resolving mechanism dates back to English common law and is the oldest form of dispute settlement. There were many instances of the use of arbitration in olden days. Among them the most notable are- "King Solomon was an arbitrator and arbitration was used to settle differences during the Greco-Roman period. George Washington was an advocate of arbitration and, in his will, mandated using the process if disputes arose over his estate. The use of arbitration in labor disputes was a common practice in the late 19th century but developed more rapidly after World War II as a substitute for work stoppages. During World War II, the

PERSONAL MICROMESSAGING ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PERSONAL MICROMESSAGING ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example I asked him to describe at least one aspect of my communication style that stood out unique. My friend pointed out that many times my speech and behavior seemed quite incongruent with situation. As an example, he pointed out that I preferred to look away from the subject (my friend) while discussing some trivial issues. To learn more, I questioned my peer, a loan manager at another bank, to point out one positive aspect of my communication other than speech. This manager pointed out that I had the ability to draw anyone’s attention during business meetings because of the excitement in my tone; however, such excitement in tone was absent during one-to-one meetings with clients. I felt my team members could give me critical feedback related to my communication style because of my frequency of interaction with them. I asked the most experienced team member to point out what aspects of behavior were annoying and had sometime triggered gossips among the group. My team memberâ€℠¢s observation somewhat matches with my childhood friend’s observation. ... messages of being indifferent or least interested in what others want to say; another disadvantage of this behavior is that I indicate my disinterest in the words communicated by myself. My team member highlighted that this indifferent body language has caused argument within the team related to directions given by myself on specific task. Micromessages have the power to encourage and instill confidence in people when used in the right manner. The positive micromessages in my behavior correspond to my enthusiasm in tone and body language during critical business meetings, which inspires others to achieve what I want to achieve. I consider this aspect as microadvantage because it was observable and people perceived it in the right manner, meaning I do show much enthusiasm during team/business meetings in order to seek everyone’s attention. This behavior appropriates what Young (2007) states, â€Å"microadvantages act as catalysts that unleash potential and results† (p. 9 ). However, these messages also have the power to demoralize or challenge others confidence in me and their own decisions (Young, 2007). Considering my childhood friend’s observation, he probably felt upset or even offended at times, which was certainly not intended. This exercise has helped me to not only to identify the micromessages in my communication, but also how they impact the purpose of each conversation. I have realized the positive aspects of micromessages that I imbibe such as excitement in tone and body language during critical business meetings, and also the negative aspects such as looking away from the other person or not maintaining eye contact with others. With an awareness of these inequities in my communication styles, I have learnt how my behavior or actions hinder my work and

Financial Statement Ratio Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Financial Statement Ratio Analysis - Essay Example (basic raw material) plus an oven to bake the cookies (plant and machinery), and also a place to keep the oven (premises). Plus, not to forget, skilled labor (You've got to know how to make cookies OR hire someone who can.). Last but not the least, your have to find a way to sell the cookies - either hire a salesman with a fixed pay or hire an agent with a fixed share in profits (Selling and distribution overhead). All these factors would sum up to be the 'Cost' incurred on making the cookies. Based on this cost, you may decide your expected 'Selling Price' and thus the 'Contribution' per unit. (Activity Ratios) Also, to keep things going, you would need enough money readily available for your short term requirements (like buying more raw materials, paying rent, electricity bills, wages to employees, etc.) as well as for long term requirements (paying off debts, more money for further expansion, etc.). Also, you very well know that your creditors will supply you material on credit only if you are worthy of it. i.e. you are able to pay them in time. (Liquidity Ratios) In both the cases, money doesn't come free of cost. Business should be profitable enough. Both the parties would again, check your credibility as well as the worthiness of the business. In the first case, you would be liable to pay a fixed interest to your bank, regardless of what you make. In the second, you've got to make enough money so that you and your friend are glad that you invested in the business. Therefore, to be sure of what you are doing, at every moment you would be analyzing your 'profitability ratios', like you would constantly be calculating your earnings as against your investments (EPS) and comparing it with what ever was the next best use of your money (opportunity cost). Further, you could even decide your debt-equity ratio - how much share in the profit should be sacrificed for funds and how much should you borrow from the bank. And if you make handsome profits, how much of it should be invested back in the business (retained earnings). Or maybe you have better uses for your money and decide to take a further loan against your business from the bank so as to free your capital and maximize your returns on investment (leverages). Thus, organizing your 'Capital Structure' is a very basic and important decision. The point behind this entire example is that the smallest of small business would require analyzing their basic ratios to know how well they are doing. Without comparing various financial figures (ratios) we cannot make an informed decision. Without these, you will never know what can go wrong with your business. Before staring any business you must know in advance what you may expect from the business and what you should be expecting in return for your time, effort and investment. At any stage of the business you must know how much have you given to the business and how much the business can return back and what is the present condition as well

Should Children Be Taught Sex Education In School Essay

Should Children Be Taught Sex Education In School - Essay Example Children are curious about sex.† (Student health service, 2010). Sex education in schools becomes even more warranted in cases where parents do not have appropriate education and resources to guide their children. In addition to schools, both family and society also need to contribute to educating children on reproductive health and well being. It is the moral right of every child, especially girls, to be provided with sex education as it will help to prevent unwarranted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases and conditions such as suicide (On the need, 2010). With the rapid growth in information, the term sex is being often used in today’s world. Thus it has become a matter of importance to teach young children about the correct concepts regarding sexual matters before they become misled by inappropriate information provided by the media and other resources (Student health service, 2010). It is vital to begin sex education programs before children reach puberty and it should continue as long as children are able to make correct judgments about sexual practices (Sex education that works, n.d). Many people have argued against detailed sex education for children with the fear that they may negatively influence them. However, frightening people about sex and sexual practices have not helped them to understand the morality of sex.

Questions on Program Analysis, Monitoring and Evaluation Essay

Questions on Program Analysis, Monitoring and Evaluation - Essay Example Public goods are very good example of market failure. Market failure exists when the production or use of goods and services by the market is not efficient. It leads to the free rider problem. Causian solution is a very fair solution to this problem. It is a mechanism by which the potential beneficiaries of a public band together and pool their band together and pool their resources based on their willingness to pay to create the public good. Me rover if the transaction cost between the beneficiaries are sufficiently low then an adequate level of public good production can occur even under competitive free market condition. Q.2 what are the essential elements of the classical experimental design (CED) in evaluation research Define the concept "threat to validity," and identify the threats to validity which a classical experiment does and does not address. Sol. evaluation is a systematic determination of merit, worth, and significance of something. it someone using criteria using a set of standards it is a methodological area than is closely related to, but distinguishable from more traditional social research while the design of experiments is a theory concerning minimum number of experiments necessary to develop an empirical model of a research question and methodology for setting up the necessary experiments. There are various elements of classical experimental design related to research evaluation research such as replications, variations, internal validity, and reproducibility. Concept of validity: the validity of study reflects the accuracy of the results. Matter of validity can bring complexity. So the principal concerns of validity should be straightforward and its consideration is very necessary in every evaluation. Validity can be classified as internal and external validity. Empirical there are too many problem that needs t o be solved experimentally or by observations. Different research designs are susceptible to various types of validity threats such as the common pre/post design. However it is not valid for what we know as malnutrition effect .another common threat to validity is knows as history effects. It is different from that of malnutrition effects. Selection effects, mortality effects and threats to external validity are next in the cue. These above are the threats to validity that a classical experiment does addresses Q.3 Describe the steps in the "prospective evaluation" methodology recommended by the GAO. Address the question, Should all new public programs or policies be subjected to prospective evaluation Sol. GAO has developed the PES as a systematic method for fulfilling congressional request for analyzing proposed legislation and helping and helping identify top-priority

Segregated Schools Essay Example for Free

Segregated Schools Essay â€Å"From the day she was born, the girl had seizure after seizure† quoted Gina Kolata. One new born, toddler, baby girl, was suspected that she had a genetic disorder. Doctors at Children’s Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, Mo, provided a sample of her blood which took only 50 hours and provided with an answer. The toddler had seizures after seizures that doctors frantically tried to keep her alive. Her doctors suspected a genetic disorder that they began a study of a new technique for quickly analyzing the DNA of newborns. The baby girl had a mortal gene mutation. â€Å"There was no treatment, there was not anything that could have changed the outcome†, Dr. Petrikin said which her family decided to let their baby go because her family did not want to see their baby girl in pain. She was only 5 weeks old. This all happened by not saying it was the baby girl’s fault or its mother’s. It just happened there is no explanation about why, did the baby girl have a disorder or disease. But there was not enough resources and medicine that could cure the disorder in time. My opinion on this article is that it is a well written article and gives a lot of details on what the situation is. I chose this article because I was mainly focusing on Medicine, Disease, and Health because I really like knowing about what kinds of different diseases there are and what just goes on in the human body. I don’t know if I agree with the article or disagree with the article because of how it turned out to be at the end with the baby girl. I think the article kind of turned out to be a story.

A Criticism Of Incompatibilism

A Criticism Of Incompatibilism In Van Inwagens paper, An Argument of Incompatibilism, he posits in his consequence argument that, under determinism, there is no moral consequence of intentional actions. It is hard to think that one can act without free will. We seem to be able to make our own choices in life every step of the way, yet we are still exceedingly aware of situations and even decision that we seem to have no control over. This is the issue philosophers often encounter in the study of free will in our causally determined world. The subject of free will has been a matter of intense debate in the philosophical community for ages. Not surprising, seeing as its very concept has profound implications on metaphysical, deontological and moral grounds; the absence of free will puts into question the existence of moral responsibility, free thought and even our own existence. However, the compatibilists think that there are certain flaws in some of the premises of Inwagens argument that make it unreliable. David Lewis points out that two of the premises in Peter Van Inwagens Consequence Argument do not support it being viewed completely in the strong or weak sense of determinism. Incompatibilists such as Inwagen have trouble with the idea of determinism, or at least in the context of free will. Determinism is the view that there is a predetermined future that is created by events in the past while being governed by the laws of nature (Van Inwagen, 1983). A common example of determinism is the predestination paradox of time travel. What you do in the past affects what happens in the future, but unfortunately the future stays the same no matter whatever you try to do because you would still have caused the future regardless. When you apply determinism to something like intentional actions, it means that what youve done could have been predetermined to happen due to something having happened in the past. In the context of the free will debate, compatibilists subscribe to this very concept of determinism. This philosophical viewpoint is commonly brought up in free will related arguments. A reason for this is that that the idea of a causally determined future is d istressing when applied in the context of free actions. That is to say, that because everything is predetermined, there is technically no free will; whichever actions one believes they are doing is in fact simply an illusion. In his paper, Van Inwagen outlines seven propositions, which encompasses the Consequence Argument that argues against that fact. His argument seeks to remove determinism from the arguments of freewill due to the fact that it is deemed incompatible. In his Consequence Argument, Van Inwagen uses an example of a governor choosing not to raise their hand and influence the process of the final deliberation of a criminals death sentence. In this argument, he outlines the conditions that would have governed free will in a deterministic world in the form of six premises. In the Consequence Arguments first three premises, the argument outlines that intentional human actions are causally necessitated because they all happen within the natural, causally determined, world (Zimmerman, 2010). That is to say, the actions are determined to happen. The argument then goes on to outline the notion that if an event is necessitated by prior events, it could not have happened other than the way it actually happens (Zimmerman, 2010). This follows that because of the previous propositions, human actions cannot happen in any other way than what has already happened. For instance, following the arguments logic, I could only open a door ajar when I chose to do so because I was causally determined to do so. Finally, Inwagens Consequence Argument finally goes onto the topic of free will; a person can only be considered free if he can actually do otherwise on an action. Unfortunately, as stated before, any action a person does happens because it could not be done otherwise. Ultimately, following this line of reasoning, the person cannot do otherwise and is thus following the illusion of free will as he performs his seemingly intentional actions. Now, returning to the Inwagens example of the governor, we see what implications Inwagens argument has on this proposed scenario. By the logic of the Consequence Argument detailed earlier, the governor, despite having chosen to refrain from raising their hand, is not performing the action under their free will. In fact, according to the Consequence Argument, if determinism is true than there is no free will involved in the governors action. This has some severe implications on that particular subject. What it means is that since free will is not involved in his performing an action that would ultimately be responsible for sending a man to his death, the governor cannot be held morally responsible for that act. Hence, by this logic, the absence of free means one could not possibly be held morally responsible for anything they do. This certainly sounds like an outrageous, yet distressing, conclusion. How could there be any form of responsibility, or any rational thought even, in a dete rministic world when every action is seemingly predetermined? It is with this thought in mind that Van Inwagen argues that free will and, by extension moral responsibility, has no place in the deterministic world. So does this mean we can safely remove the possibility of free will in determinism? The compatibilists say otherwise. David Lewis, a compatibilist himself, has an interesting critique of Inwagens argument. In his paper, Are We Free to Break the Laws?, he argues that there are ways responsibility-grounding freedom of action (Zimmerman, 2010) can exist alongside determinism. Compatibilism is the view that free will does have a role together with determinism, specifically soft determinism. In his paper, he divides determinism into two different categories, hard and soft determinism. Hard determinism is defined, as a sort of determinism in where there seems to be no room for free will. Soft determinism, on the other hand, is the belief of the exact opposite, allowing for free will in the deterministic world. Lewis himself is a soft compatibilist. In Are we free to break the laws? he argues that there is a flaw in the consequence argument. Lewis admits that [he is] able to do something su ch that, if [he does] it, a [causal law will] be broken (Lewis, 1981), although he claims that the incompatibilists behind the Consequence Argument takes this claim to the extreme or what he calls the strong sense. To an incompatibilists, this statement can be taken to mean that he can break the very laws of nature (Lewis, 1981). These are the definition of the weak and strong theses. The difference between the two is that the weak thesis, which says that a [causal law will] be broken (Lewis, 1981) implies that whenever he decides to take an action, the act itself is what causes a law to be broken. A nice analogy of the weak thesis can be summed up with a simple rock thrown at a window. If someone throws a stone and in the process breaks a window, then, following the logic of the weak thesis, the act of throwing the stone is what ends up breaking the window. On the other hand, the strong thesis suggests the very act of performing an action means that he himself has broken the law. U sing the same example from before, instead of the act of throwing the stone, it is the thrower himself who breaks the window. Lewis outlines an important distinction between two different ways of viewing the premises of Van Inwagens Consequence Argument. The difference between the strong and weak theses plays an important part in Lewis argument. Lewis rejects the strong thesis that the Consequence Argument seems to imply but accepts the weak one. From the weak thesis he posits that one can actually do otherwise in the Consequence Arguments presumably unyielding deterministic actions. Lewis introduces a concept, which he calls a divergence miracle, since breaking a causal law requires nothing short of one. A divergence miracle is a divergence in the causal history that occurs before the act is performed. That is to say, that prior history may have been changed had the governor from Van Inwagens example raised his hand. Although, thats not to say that this would not be the case had the person simply chose not to have done so, Lewis claims that a miracle might have taken place, only to have its work undone by a second miracle (Lewis, 1981). This is where the weak thesis plays a significant role. Lewis states that for him to perform an a ction that would result in the breaking of a law, a divergence miracle independent of his own actions offers an alternate causal history that would allow the lawbreaking action to be possible. Lewiss paper draws attention to two premises from Inwagens Consequence Argument, most specifically the fifth and sixth premise. In Inwagens sixth premise, he states that a person could not have rendered a law of nature false (Van Inwagen, 1983). Lewis cites an example, which Van Inwagen has used in defense of this premise, of the possibility of the construction of an apparatus that can potentially violate the laws of physics. It follows that, following the rough outline of the sixth premise, if it is possible such an apparatus can be made then the laws of physics have certainly been rendered false (Van Inwagen, 1983). However, according to Lewis, while this proposition can be rejected, on the grounds that we have no choice what the laws of nature are (Van Inwagen, 1983), and in turn support viewing it from the strong sense. That is to say we cannot break the laws of nature. However, this defense is not suitable when being viewed from the perspective of the weak thesis. Inwagens sixth premise has an opposite effect. In defense of his fifth premise, he says that there is no way he can render false a conjunction that the Spanish being defeated in the past with the proposition that he will never visit Alaska (Van Inwagen, 1983). Inwagen believes that the reason one cannot render that false is that any deviation from actual events would be incompatible with any past state of the world taken with the laws of nature (Van Inwagen, 1983). Lewis counters this argument by saying it is completely irrelevant due to the fact that the claim of ones inability to render those false is only true in the sense of the weak thesis, but it completely neglects the strong thesis. The problem with these premises, according to Lewis, is that the arguments that Inwagen uses to support these premises are not sounds, seeing as neither of them addresses the Weak and Strong Theses. Generally the problem with the Consequence Argument, according to Lewis, is that it is not consistent in its premises. As outlined earlier, Inwagens fifth and sixth premises cannot both be viewed according to either the Strong or Weak Theses alone. This has the effect of weakening Inwagens argument, since it lessens the severity of the deterministic viewpoint; the inconsistency in views shows that that part of the argument seems unsound. In addition, Lewiss concept of divergence miracles also offers some welcome changes to the determinism that Inwagens Consequence Argument paints less rigid and unyielding. Such inconsistencies ultimately undermines what would normally be a rather solid argument convincing us of what would seem to be a no space for free will alongside determinism. Peter Van Inwagens Consequence Argument is seemingly unsound given that the argument does not hold up completely well when viewed from the Strong or Weak Theses that David Lewis had outlined. Incompatibilists have produced a fairly strong, if disturbing, argument of the potential link between determinism and free will. However, the viewpoints that result from the rejection of compatibilism, such as hard Incompatibilism and libertarian incompatiblism, seem far more alarming. One either outright rejects free will while the other posits that the world is not complete causally determined. Compatibilism on the other hand seems easier to accept.

Responses to the Challenge of Amoralism Essay -- Philosophy Philosophi

Responses to the Challenge of Amoralism ABSTRACT: To the question "Why should I be moral?" there is a simple answer (SA) that some philosophers find tempting. There is also a response, common enough to be dubbed the standard response (SR), to the simple answer. In what follows, I show that the SA and SR are unsatisfactory; they share a serious defect. To the question, "Why should I be moral?" there is a simple answer (SA) that some philosophers find tempting. There is also a response, common enough to be dubbed the standard response (SR), to the simple answer. In what follows I show that SA and SR are unsatisfactory; they share a serious defect. I will interpret "Why should I be moral?" to mean "Why should I habitually perform the outward deeds prescribed by morality? Why, when I’m tempted to cheat or steal, ignore the sufferings of others, or renege on my commitments, should I do what morality calls for, and hence refrain from cheating and stealing, relieve the sufferings of others, and honor my commitments? Why should I go in for such things when so many other lifestyles are possible — for instance, that of a Gauguin or of a master criminal?" Perhaps the question has other meanings, but this is a natural one, and one to which SA and SR are meant to apply. Interpreting the question this way removes some unclarity from the phrase "be moral." But it removes no ambiguities that might stem from the word "should." SA and SR purport to do this. SA, briefly put, is this: "Why should I be moral?" is either a request for a moral reason to be moral or a request for another type of reason (or perhaps a motive) to be moral. In the first case it is absurd; in the second it is unreasonable or in some other way illegitimate.... ...t then, a page later, assumes without argument that altruistic considerations provide everyone with prima facie reasons to act. Understandably, he then treats "Why should I be moral?" as something more complicated than a request for a reason. The trouble is that Sterba’s "altruistic reasons" are among the things Foot calls moral considerations. Thus, he has not engaged Foot’s argument; he has made exactly the assumption her argument challenges. (9) A similar objection has been used against Foot. See Robert L. Holmes, "Is Morality a System of Hypothetical Imperatives?" Analysis 34 (1973): 96–100. Foot’s reply to it, which differs from mine, is in "‘Is Morality a System of Hypothetical Imperatives?’ A Reply to Mr. Holmes," Analysis 35 (1974): 53–56. (10) I discuss these and related distinctions in "Motivation and Practical Reasons," Erkenntnis 47 (1997): 105–27. Responses to the Challenge of Amoralism Essay -- Philosophy Philosophi Responses to the Challenge of Amoralism ABSTRACT: To the question "Why should I be moral?" there is a simple answer (SA) that some philosophers find tempting. There is also a response, common enough to be dubbed the standard response (SR), to the simple answer. In what follows, I show that the SA and SR are unsatisfactory; they share a serious defect. To the question, "Why should I be moral?" there is a simple answer (SA) that some philosophers find tempting. There is also a response, common enough to be dubbed the standard response (SR), to the simple answer. In what follows I show that SA and SR are unsatisfactory; they share a serious defect. I will interpret "Why should I be moral?" to mean "Why should I habitually perform the outward deeds prescribed by morality? Why, when I’m tempted to cheat or steal, ignore the sufferings of others, or renege on my commitments, should I do what morality calls for, and hence refrain from cheating and stealing, relieve the sufferings of others, and honor my commitments? Why should I go in for such things when so many other lifestyles are possible — for instance, that of a Gauguin or of a master criminal?" Perhaps the question has other meanings, but this is a natural one, and one to which SA and SR are meant to apply. Interpreting the question this way removes some unclarity from the phrase "be moral." But it removes no ambiguities that might stem from the word "should." SA and SR purport to do this. SA, briefly put, is this: "Why should I be moral?" is either a request for a moral reason to be moral or a request for another type of reason (or perhaps a motive) to be moral. In the first case it is absurd; in the second it is unreasonable or in some other way illegitimate.... ...t then, a page later, assumes without argument that altruistic considerations provide everyone with prima facie reasons to act. Understandably, he then treats "Why should I be moral?" as something more complicated than a request for a reason. The trouble is that Sterba’s "altruistic reasons" are among the things Foot calls moral considerations. Thus, he has not engaged Foot’s argument; he has made exactly the assumption her argument challenges. (9) A similar objection has been used against Foot. See Robert L. Holmes, "Is Morality a System of Hypothetical Imperatives?" Analysis 34 (1973): 96–100. Foot’s reply to it, which differs from mine, is in "‘Is Morality a System of Hypothetical Imperatives?’ A Reply to Mr. Holmes," Analysis 35 (1974): 53–56. (10) I discuss these and related distinctions in "Motivation and Practical Reasons," Erkenntnis 47 (1997): 105–27.

Scarlett Letter Essay -- essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter has many characters that go through several changes during the story. For example, the young minister Dimmesdale, who commits the sin of adultery with Hester, greatly changes. He is the character that makes the most progress in the story. Dimmesdale, being a minister, acts as a role model to the townspeople. He is the last person who should commit a crime and lie about it, but in the end, he confesses to the town. The fact that he did confess illustrates his courage and morality. Hester and Dimmesdale’s affair goes undiscovered until Hester is pregnant and has a child without having her husband present. As her punishment, Hester is forced to stand on the scaffold in the middle of the market place, with an A on her chest. Dimmesdale hasn’t told anyone that he is the adulterer. He sits in the balcony with the Governor, and others, watching the display, without any expression or emotion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hester and Pearl go to the Governor’s home to deliver a pair of gloves, but more importantly to talk about the possibility of the government taking away her child. After Mr. Wilson asks Pearl a few questions, the Governor decides that Hester is unready to be a mother, and that the child would be better off in the hands of the church. Hester begs Dimmesdale, whom she says knows everything about her and has charge of her soul, to speak for her. Therefore, he does, convincing the Governor to let Hester kee...

The Signal Man :: English Literature

The Signal Man Through out the story Dickens has created a sense of horror and suspension in his description of the setting, landscape, physical surroundings and the weather conditions. At the start of the story the signal man hears a voice shouting down to him from up above, instead of looking up in the direction he heard the voice coming from, he turned himself about and looked down the line. This seems rather odd as you would normally look to where you heard the voice. The man shouting down to him, was on a high cliff and he was steeped in the angry glow of a sunset and the signal man’s figure was foreshortened and shadowed, down in the deep trench so it was rather awkward for the man to see who he was shout to. The man repeats ‘Halloa! Below!’ only then does the signal man catch on who is shouting to him, so he turns himself about , and raises his eyes and say the mans figure high above him. It then goes on to say that the signal man looks up to him without replying, and he looked down at him without pressing him too soon with a repetition of his idle question. There then came a ‘vague vibration’ in the earth and air, quickly changing into a violent pulsation. This suggests that there is a disturbance in nature, this means that the train is coming. After the train had passed, the signal mans looks up again and motioned towards a point on the narrator’s level, the man then heads for that point. As he headed for that point, he noticed a rough zigzag path notched out, this suggests that there could be danger. It then goes on to describe the setting. The cutting was extremely deep, and unusually precipitous, it is a very dismal and dreary setting. It then says that the notched out path was made through a clammy stone that became oozier and wetter as it leaded further down the cliff, this reinforces the setting to be very depressing and gloomy. As he made his way down the zigzag path, the signal man looked as though he was awaiting his arrival. He had his left hand at his chin, and his left elbow rested on his right hand, crossed over his breast His attitude was one of such expectation and watchfulness, that the man stopped at it a moment, wondering at it. This could suggest that the signal man was wondering weather the narrator was a ghost or not. The signal man had a very weary appearance; it says that he was a

literature review on service industry Essay

Hospitality Industry relates many sources with customer interactions and relationships. In the oligopoly market, numerous businesses have had entered, failed and exit the competition. In this assignment, literature regarding customer service in hospitality will be reviewed to analyze the relationship with customers. Further, it describes how customer perceptions play a great impact on businesses, which then lead to customer satisfaction and to certain extent, customer loyalty. Moreover, we shall review the relationship between product quality and service performance as tools to build customer relationships. Customer Perceived Value and Service Quality According to Blackwell et al (2001), providing value to customers is one of the most crucial marketing strategies in hospitality industry these days. In the competitive market, companies have to offer customers excellent quality of products and services, which create the value itself. Competitors have to be creative and responsive in regards to customer demands and needs in order to compete and sustain themselves in the competition (Dawkins and Reichheld, 1990). It means that a company that provides product and service quality with high creativity and responsiveness to satisfy customers demands would have higher chance to lead the competition in the market. To illustrate this argument, a family visited a restaurant and decided not revisit again because they had to rush their meals. However, a customer visits the same coffee shop every morning before work during rush hours yet always leaves with a smile on the face to start the day. These two illustrations contrast the situation of delivering and perceiving value. The question would be what went wrong in the restaurant? Woodruff and Gardial (1996) mentioned the difference between customers perceived value and service quality. While in the case above, both the scenario happened during busy hours yet there are two different outcomes. The restaurant only provided what is necessary; product and service, which service quality only focused on. Whereas the coffee shop delivered more than service quality, it offers value for customers to perceive through interaction and connection. Why customer perceived value is important? As mentioned before creating and delivering value to customers is an asset for a company to be utilized as a strategy or even competitive advantage. Creating and delivering the right value to the targeted customers is what boost customers’ perception about the company, which leads to customers relationship and trust with the company.

Serial Killers in Modern America

In today’s society, America is a dangerous place for people to walk alone. We have definitely had our share of serial killers over the years. We have had the Harpes brothers in the 1800’s to the more modern day Jeffrey Dahmer. A serial killer in the United States is defined by Congress as â€Å"someone who murders a minimum of three or more people. † (Harris) Three-quarters of the world’s total serial killers have done their killing in the United States. True crime writers often claim that America’s first serial killer was H. H.Homes, but there were actually several before him. The first documented serial killers were two brothers named Micajah and Wiley Harpe. These two killed people for two reasons and they were for fun and profit. These two were notorious for their cut-throat ways, and the other outlaws were scared of them. (Ramsland) They terrorized the Natchez Trace which is known today as the Natchez Trace Parkway. Not much is known about the early history of the Harpes’, but they terrified everyone they came across. The Harpes even slaughtered two of their own children each. Ramsland) For a brief period of time the Harpes traveled with a group of river pirates who were merely concerned with enriching themselves. As you can imagine they did quite well at that. However, these pirates never intended for any physical harm to come to their victims, but the Harpes had other intentions. The incident that caused the Harpes to be kicked out of the group was when they tied a naked flatboat passenger to a blindfolded horse and sent it over a cliff. (Ramsland) From this point on that group of pirates referred to the two as â€Å"men turned into wolves. †Micajah Harpe admitted to a number of murders, but he said that there was only one that he was remorseful for, and that was the murder of his own child. His reason behind killing his own child was because the baby’s crying annoyed him. (Ramsland) Micajah would e nd up being killed by a pack of wolves, and Wiley was hung on February 8, 1804. The first documented serial killer was H. H. Holmes which made his mark on the 19th century by committing over 27 murders. (Kade)He was born, Herman Webster Mudgett in 1861. He started off as a very unruly child who enjoyed being cruel to animals. He would do most of his killing his hotel that was icknamed Murder Castle. The actual name of this hotel was never recorded. He used an advertisement to lure people that were going to attend Chicago’s World Columbian Exposition in 1893. Back in those day lodging was a hard thing to come by, so this allowed Holmes all the victims he wanted. His preference was blond females that he put through torture rituals. He would brutalize them and then incinerate them. He even sold some of the skeletons of his victims. No one ever suspected anything from him, because he had charm and good looks. It was until after Holmes’ execution that investigators would le arn more about what he had done.Some of the victims were locked up in soundproof rooms that had gas lines that would allow him to asphyxiate any victim at any time. (Kade) There were also some locked in a large soundproof bank vault and suffocated to death. Holmes was even quoted saying, â€Å"I was born with the devil in me. I could not help the fact that was a murderer, no more than the poet can help the inspiration to sing. I was born with the â€Å"Evil One† standing as my sponsor beside the bed where I was ushered into the world, and he has been with me since. † Now we fast forward to 1974 when women were vanishing from college campuses around the Washington and Oregon area.There was a 21 year old radio announcer named Lynda Ann Healy that was among the ones that went missing. Then in July of 1974 two women were seen wondering off with Ted towards his sailboat and were never seen again. Around this same time there was a grave yard of bones discovered in a Washingt on forest that would later be identified as some of the women that had went missing in the Washington and Utah areas. It was then that investigators from both areas were able to come up with a profile and a sketch of the man named Ted. (Montaldo)In August of 1975, Bundy was stopped for a driving violation, and when the officers searched his car they found a number of items such as, handcuffs, crowbar, and pantyhose with eye holes cut in them. He was then arrested on suspicion of burglary. Upon further examination of the things found in Bundy’s car the police realized that they matched items that one of the girls he attacked described seeing. This same girl identified the handcuffs as the ones that were fastened around one of her wrists and she picked him out of a line-up. Bundy then went to trial for the attempted kidnapping of Carol DaRonch in February of 1976 and was found guilty.For this case he was sentenced to 15 years in prison, and in October of 1976 he was charged wit h the murder of Carolyn Campbell. Bundy was extradited from Utah to Colorado for the trial. He would then be his own lawyer, which gave him a little freedom to move around the courtroom and the law library that was inside of the courthouse. In June of 1977 during his pre-trial hearing Bundy escaped by jumping out a window in the law library, only to be captured a week later. This would not be the end of Bundy’s escapes either. He did it again on December 30 and made it to Tallahassee, Florida.He got himself and apartment near the university using the name Chris Hagen. (Montaldo) He paid his way at a local college bars with stolen credit cards and when he got bored he would sneak into the lecture halls just to listen. On January 14 Ted Bundy would break into a Chi Omega sorority house and kill two women, and brutally raped one of them. He even beat two other women that managed to survive. The reason that they survived was because their fellow roommate came home. At around 3 a. m. Nita Neary came home and saw that the door was open, and as she entered the house she heard footsteps upstairs. Montaldo) She then went upstairs to find two of her roommates dead and the other two were severely beaten. Later that night another woman would be attacked, but the police would find a mask on her floor that would match the one found in Bundy’s car later. In February of 1978, Bundy kidnapped and mutilated a 12 year old girl named Kimberly Leach. Bundy was arrested again within a week of her disappearance for driving a stolen vehicle. Witnesses were able to place him at the dorm and at Leach’s school. There was also physical evidence that would link him with the murders.Among this evidence was a mold that was made from the bite marks found on one of the victims. Bundy went on trial in 1979 for the murders that happened at the sorority house and was found guilty. He received two sentences for death by electric chair. Then in January of 1980 he would go to t rial for the murder of Kimberly Leach. He actually had lawyers for this case and they tried going for an insanity plea. Bundy called Carol Boone as a character witness and even married her while she was on the witness stand. He called her as a witness because she believed in his innocence, and would later give birth to a little girl that Bundy adored.They were later divorced after she realized that he had actually done all the crimes he was accused of. Ted Bundy died on January 24, 1989 at 7:13 a. m. So why did all these people do what they did? Obviously that all had some reason for doing it and Ted Bundy said that his reason for doing it was because of all the pornography that he was subject to at such a young age. Other serial killers like Jeffrey Dahmer blamed it on being born with a part of him missing. John Wayne Gacy claimed that his victims deserved to die.One would have to think that they were insane for doing what they did, but most of them are rational and calculating pre dators. (Scott)I think that Denis Nilsen, the British version of Jeffrey Dhamer, put it best when he said, â€Å"a mind can be evil without being abnormal. † References Bibliography Harris, William R. Serial Killer Psychology. 2011. Web. 26 October 2012. . Intentional Homicide, number and rate per 100,000 population. 2012. Web. 26 October 2012. Kade, Asher. Murder Castle: The Maze-Like Lair of the World's First Serial Killer. 011. Web. 26 October 2012. ;http://www. environmentalgraffiti. com/bizarre/news-hh-holmes-inside-castle-first-true-serial-killer? image=1;. Montaldo, Charles. Serial Killer Ted Bundy. n. d. Web. 26 October 2012. ;http://crime. about. com/od/serial/p/tedbundy2. htm;. Ramsland, Kahterine. America's First Serial Killers. 2011. Web. 26 October 2012. . Scott, Shirley Lynn. What Makes Serial Killers Tick. n. d. Web. 26 October 2012. .

Final Assignment

Additionally, it will show which changes will be made that will have a positive exult to our program not only now, but in the future as well. Readiness of our Leaders There are several leaders in this change the principal, H. O. S. T. Administration Migrant Education, Reading Teacher, several paraprofessionals, and our SST including myself. Together we identify the core elements and negotiate items in our change plan. The main change is to increase the time allotted students to do reading at our program.Program/practices for scale and sustainability Our program has and is having success in empowering students to grow al develop in a safe and caring environment. The area that can be improved the enriching environment, why? First, the program needs to have access computers in the area where HOST is located. Second because the student get computers time only three days out of the week and for 20 minutes a c while at HOST. Third, the students are given 30 minutes, but by the time t' go t o and from the computer lab, which takes them 10 minutes, they only 20 minutes at most.My personal feelings are that our children can benefit from having their own computer lab at HOST or tablets that they can access anytime they are in the aftershock program. Most of the students at our aerogram are of Hispanic decent some of them struggle in reading, comprehension and writing. I can only imagine what can be done to help them in those areas if we had our own computers or tablets. Our student have a 30 minute block in which reading is being implemented already, if v had reading and writing software on tablets Or Computers Our students cal reap the benefits. What is it?Why is it important? In order for our program to continue to empower students to grow and develop in a safe, caring, an educationally enriched environment feel that the students need more reading time. My thoughts are that if the students had tablets in our aftershock program to work with in reading that they would mak e rapid advancement in reading. The stakeholders that will approach are the principal at the school, since she is a person that commends a lot of power In other words when she speaks people listen, plus she knows other people as well that have that type of authority.Identifying the main change will assist us to determine whether or not all elements within this change are crucial. At this point our plan can be tweaked to fit the needs of our studs The need and wiliness of all stakeholders to relocate resources for the Ben f our change plan is amazing. In corporations or companies change is evitable and a must in order to stay in the game. The key to change is to b willing to listen to others opinions. How is it high quality and valued by stakeholders? This change is high quality because of the students that this change target!Most of the students are Engle sis Language Learners and struggle with comprehension. Some of them are behind in their level of reading and writing skills. What results are anticipated? This change will be enriching the students in that they will increase their level of reading, comprehension ND writing skills. The stakeholders will benefit because they will actually s the students progress. Non-negotiable elements of the program/practice There will be items in the change plan that is nonnegotiable in order to keep the integrity of the change.During our planning stages as a group we decided that reading and comprehension were nonnegotiable. These two items are non-negotiable since they are our focal point of interest. Without these two we would not have a need for the change plan. Scale and sustainability scores In order to define the scale and sustainability score of the change plan we ad to review the Scale and Sustainability scores located within the book â€Å"Leading Change Step-By-Step† by Jody Spiro. These results will let us know to what extent certain features have been merged into our program (Spiro, 201 1).Our results sho w that we have an all-inclusive plan, but not all stakeholders have bought into it yet. What this says about us is that we are good at working together and coming up with a plan. However, this does not mean that everyone agrees with it. There is still some resistance to the actual plan change. This of course is expected, since change is never easy, nonetheless a good way to get individuals on board is by communicating and educating them. Education & Communication: One of the best ways to overcome resistance to change is to educate people about the change effort beforehand.Being upfront with education and communication lets everyone have knowledge about the changes. â€Å"People tend to see things that are happening now as more urgent than those that will happen in the future. † (Weber, 2006). Sometimes individuals are afraid of something they do not understand, however once they learn how this change is to come or will be made they are not as afraid. It is only then that they will start asking questions once they are informed. This however is not a guarantee that they will accept the change right away, but now they are more ready to listen to what one has to say.The development of scale and sustainability strategies for the change strategy Creating an environment where there is open communication and providing them an outlet to speak about their concerns will minimize a lot of the resistance. Providing the team with a consistent and clear message will minimize resistance. If change my views or do not sound confident in my change plans, the message will be inconsistent. On the other hand, if I am consistent and clear; offering a clear vision and specific goals to achieve, the team will be focused and know what is expected of them.I will also make sure the â€Å"messages are communicated through the participants' ears† (Spiro, 201 1). Communication is a key element, for this element we scored a five. However, this needs to be on a continual basis i n order for the group to be informed throughout the school year. Communication is not something that happens last minute; it is something that is practice throughout with co- workers. In conclusion ‘Veneered you introduce change, you are sure to encounter barriers† (Drexel & Muskier, 2012). The best change leaders; will have a plan B for when things go wrong.Knowing your group, making sure you communicate with them and realizing you cannot make change happen alone will help your change effort become successful. Communication must be clear and consistent while your plan needs to have important feasible goals. Another area to be aware of is that the plan change is not written on stone and that there might be changes that will take place throughout the planning stages. What one might come up with at the end as a leader for hanger might be totally different than what one started with.

Gulliver’s Travels Essay Essay

In this essay, on a pre-1914 novel, I will show how the main character changes emotionally, physically and mentally and also show how the novel was adapted into a film. I have chosen to study the classic Jonathan Swift novel, Gulliver’s Travels which was written in 1726. It is about a ship surgeon who goes on many voyages that change his life, his views on it and others around his. The novel is written in the past tense from the author’s point of view which makes it more believable that Lemuel Gulliver went on these expeditions. The book begins with a short account about the main character in Gulliver’s Travels, Lemuel Gulliver. He says about his family, how and where he got the money to be able to study, and eventually onto why he became a surgeon on a ship. It says the few friends he had left him and he ended up friendless with only a wife to help support him. This makes Gulliver feel lonely and depressed because he has no-one to talk to and so stays at home alone. As he stayed at home, his only friends those inside the many novels of the best authors he was reading, he was running low on money and so had to do something to be bringing in some sort of a salary. He decided to go on another adventure as a surgeon on a ship, to bring in some money to support his family, and ends up being shipwrecked and having to swim for his life. As he reaches land, scared, still depressed and even more alone, he lay still for hours on end resting and eventually falls asleep on the immensely short grass. As he awoke he found he was bound to the floor by many miniature ropes that were tied to his hair, arms, legs and face. As he lay on his back, Gulliver could only see towards the sky and so could not distinguish what the noises, that he could hear, were. He felt a strange movement over his leg which moved onto his breast and up to his chin. He looked downwards, without moving his head, to find a human not six inches high. He shouted Hekinah degul, which was repeated by the other small creatures around Gulliver. Now Gulliver feels frightened, puzzled and restricted, to both movement and communication due to the unknown language the small humans spoke. Throughout Lilliput, Gulliver feels superior to the â€Å"little people,† due to his size and it feels like a joke is being played on him- because of the stupidity of the situation. He felt inferior because he couldn’t speak the language- until he began to learn later on- and also because he was seen as a monster that noone wanted anything to do with. The Lilliputians were frightened of Gulliver, because of his size, and so Gulliver still felt lonely and vulnerable-because he could have had thousands of little arrows shot at him, could be tied down and murdered. As Gulliver began to learn the language he felt less restricted-because he could now partially communicate- and less alone because he could have an intelligent conversation with a Lillputian. He began to learn about the Lilliputian ways of government and life and the situation made Gulliver feel badly about the British way of politics. He found out that the Lilliputians were having a war with the small people of Blefuscu over which end to break an egg. This made Gulliver think that- normal sized- people have wars over things almost as silly and idiotic as which end to break an egg such as skin tone, religious beliefs and the fact that they are not speaking your language. Gulliver then started to belittle the- normal sized- human race, and had many ideas about how our world could be changed for the better. As time went on Gulliver became closer to the Emperor of Lilliput, after helping them in the war by stealing the Blefuscu armada’s warships. Gulliver stopped the Emperor and Empress from being burned alive, in their palace, by urinating on the imperial building. After this act Gulliver felt ashamed that he urinated onto the Imperail palace, even if it was to save the royal family’s lives, and scared because he had his eyeballs threatened to be gouged out. Gulliver fled to Belfuscu- after taking a small sheep with him to show his wife when he returned home-, found an abandoned ship, and used the Blefuscians bedsheets-sewn together- as a sail and returned to England to his family. As he was leaving, Gulliver felt happy that he was on his way back to his family, yet sad and scared- of himself- because of the stupidity of the situation he was in and that he must have been losing his mind and going insane. He stayed in England with his family for a while and then left for another journey as a ship’s surgeon. The film started with Gulliver sneaking around outside his home whilst his ex-wife-who was remarried to an old friend surgeon of Gullivers- and slept in the stable across the road. His son found him in the morning and told Mary- Gullivers ex-wife. Gulliver then told his son the whole story about Lilliput and the film showed what was happening as he was narrating it. He told the whole story to his son until Dr Bates- Gullivers old surgeon friend- took him to a mental institution to try and â€Å"help† Gulliver. Gulliver was kept in a cell and thought to be insane by the doctors. Whilst Gulliver was in the mental hospital, his son found the little sheep but it got loose as Dr.Bates shouted at Gullivers son and told him to leave his office. The film shows Gulliver to be a lot more eccentric than the novel and he also seems to be a lot more confident with himself and what he saw at Lilliput. As Gulliver retells the story- partially once inside the hospital- he notes that he didn’t return home after his voyage to Lilliput he went straight onto the next island and his next adventure. The film has a few slight adaptations from the novel, such as Gulliver not returning home, but has stuck to the novel pretty closely. The film shows that Gulliver tells his story back to everyone from the mental hospital whereas the book says nothing about where Gulliver is as the story is told. This is the main change from novel to moving picture so far.

Skip navigation links BFS 3460-08B-2 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS Essay - 5

Skip navigation links BFS 3460-08B-2 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS (BFS3460-08B-2) - Essay Example The supply fans of the upper and lower ventilation zones would then be actuated, while the exhaust fans are turned off. These actions would consequently produce a multi-floor sandwich effect in the edifice, and the net effect would be the generation of a pressure variance sandwiched between the hub and boundaries within the Heating Ventilation & Air-Conditioning (HVAC) zone of the fire origin (Brannigan & Corbett , 2008). Fire alarm plays a very significant role in sandwich pressurization. In exhausting the air from the origin of the fire, the fire floor is likely to drag the fire with it and consequently cause a further spread of the fire before it can be quenched. This is where the fire alarm becomes relevant; it is the fire alarm that assists in actuating the smoke control mode in the event of an inferno. The system then activates the pressurization fans and the fans continue running until the smoke detector supply channel is activated by the fire alarm. It is the fire alarm that aid the initiation of the pressurization system as the process begins when the system receives an actuating signal from the fire alarm in the stairs of the building affected by the fire. Hence fire alarm helps accomplish pressure

The Patriot - Movie Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Patriot - Movie Review - Essay Example Having served in a war, Benjamin fully understands the implication of the war in terms of casualties and destruction. Freedom comes at a costly price but other citizens seem to lack this sobriety and are only infatuated with feelings of victory. In the bid to gain independence, the State gathering at Charleston endorses a war. Instantly, the state is plunged into unexpected violence and the British perpetrate unfathomable atrocities on the American Civilians. Thesis Statement: The theme of determination and emotional turmoil is greatly prevalent in the film, The Patriot. Most young men wanted to enlist in the Continentals, The United States Army. Gabriel, Benjamin’s son is no exception. Initially, Benjamin succeeds in preventing this enlistment. Upon the onset of war, Benjamin’s hands are tied and he half-heartedly allows Benjamin to join the war. The Crown’s army is far superior in terms of armory and the soldiers clearly outnumber the Continentals. All around t here are remnants of destroyed property and hanging corpses of civilians in areas conquered by England. Any sane person can establish that America will lose and wise people like Benjamin attest that, the war was won before it began. The family is deeply disheveled as they worry about Gabriel. Gabriel’s return from war forms a most profound scene and it is also the film’s turning point. ... When the head of the British regiment, William Tavington makes a call to the house to appreciate Benjamin’s generosity, an incriminating letter is confiscated from Gabriel by the British. Gabriel is mercilessly sentenced to hang for treason by the ruthless colonel despite Benjamin’s pleading. In the midst of this mayhem, his younger brother Thomas intervenes in an attempt to save his brother. Colonel Tavington does not hesitate and he shoots Thomas. The image of a helpless Benjamin clutching onto his dead son will be permanently etched in my mind. His pitiful face was so startling and I deeply empathized with him. This state of grief is representative of what Americans felt during the revolutionary war as they helplessly experienced the demise of their loved ones. The death of his son was so devastating, and in response, a warring spirit was stirred up in Benjamin. The once passive Benjamin resolved to take an active role in the revolutionary war, more so to avenge the death of his son. These events gave way to another violent yet moving scene. The atrocities committed by the colonel had fueled Benjamin’s rage and in this state of fury, he resolved to go after the British regiment that was about to hang his son. He handed rifles to his two sons. They all set off to take down an entire regiment! Benjamin, being a native, possessed an upper hand over the enemy as he had a good masterly of the terrain. He leads his sons to a strategic point where they lay in wait to ambush the British. It’s amazing how his son’s shot are right on point. They have been taught well by their father and his mantra is, â€Å"aim small, miss small†. This scene is well orchestrated

Alcohol abuse is a serious problem among many young people Essay

Alcohol abuse is a serious problem among many young people - Essay Example Statistics show that almost 64% of the high school students say that they have been drunk at least once. Among youth between the ages 12 to 17, 77% (Spear, pp. 71-81) say that they have had at least one serious problem related to drinking in the past year. The teenagers who engage in this problem suffer in various aspects of their life. Teenagers having drinking problems suffer in their education. They tend to skip school and their classes and their performance level starts going down as the problem increases. This is because their attention span towards anything goes down and hence their performance decreases. Another problem that arises is that of drunk driving and the number of accidents and deaths caused by it. Statistics show that underage drinking and alcohol use is more likely to kill youngsters compared to illegal drugs. Motor vehicle accidents are one of the leading causes of deaths of youth between the ages of 15 and 20. The rate of these accidents is much more for teenager s between ages of 16 to 20 rather than 20 years and above (Spear, pp. 71-81). Another problem is that of suicide. After depression and stress, alcohol abuse is the third factor causing young people to commit suicide for children between 14 and 25. Sexual assaults and rapes are also becoming increasingly common as an effect of alcohol abuse.

Moises Silva's A Case for Calvinistic Hermeneutics Research Paper

Moises Silva's A Case for Calvinistic Hermeneutics - Research Paper Example According to Moises, the Calvinistic hermeneutics is an expression of the interpretation from the Calvinists. The Calvinists have their interpretation in accordance to the intended message from the historical writers, which is acceptable and understood. The Calvinists have their own theories, principles and methods that are entirely used in expressing their interpretation of the scriptures. The Calvinists indulge such methods, principles and studies to ensure they come out with the best interpretation of the Bible.   This is an acceptable standard that is used worldwide in their quest for a universal interpretation that is devoid of distorted information.   This shows that the Calvinists have their own unique way of interpreting the Bible, which is acceptable in their own fraternity. Therefore, the use of other principles and methods in interpreting the Bible would not be acceptable by the Calvinists.   Moises insists that this is the root of a difference in some of the interpr etations in scriptures. Different fraternities have their own form of interpreting the Bible, which may not be acceptable with other fraternities.Moises states that all Christians in the world have their unique way of interpreting the Bible and scriptures. This depends on the factors that are respected by the Christians, and theory of unending faith to believe in the scriptures. This is an indication that Christians might have the same reading but have a different interpretation.... Therefore, the use of other principles and methods in interpreting the Bible would not be acceptable by the Calvinists. Moises insists that this is the root of a difference in some of the interpretations in scriptures. Different fraternities have their own form of interpreting the Bible, which may not be acceptable with other fraternities. Moises states that all Christians in the world have their unique way of interpreting the Bible and scriptures. This depends on the factors that are respected by the Christians, and theory of unending faith to believe in the scriptures. This is an indication that Christians might have the same reading but have a different interpretation, depending on their understanding of the scriptures. Comprehending the scriptures, therefore, depends on the Christian individual and the various values that are inclined to one’s faith in believing the scriptures. Some biblical texts have an insight while others have a deeper meaning. The meanings vary from C hristian to Christian, depending on the focal point and view of the information embedded in the scriptures. Some Christians only understand the outright meaning of a scripture and only take such information to use in their daily life. However, stout Christians will have a deeper and insightful reasoning from a scripture.3 This indicates that the two types of Christians read the same scripture but will denote a different understanding. This gives a difference in the hermeneutic expression, though it is in the same context. Therefore, focus on such would be a vital factor in understanding Moises’ Calvinistic hermeneutics. According to Moises, there are a number of Christians that have their own difference in interpretation the scriptures. Though they may have the

Society of Free Clinic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Society of Free Clinic - Essay Example Some governments happen to be reluctant in running these projects due to the high costs. They have long delicate processes which cannot be assumed and so the relevant authorities happen to postpone them. This explains the reason as to why many politicians rely on them for promises that would convince the public to vote for them. It is encouraging to experience a government that pays attention in fulfilling these promises. For a government to put up a free clinic to serve citizens in a specific area there is a procedure to follow that guides it in considering the necessary factors. Assessment must be done to the area to find out whether a free clinic will surely be of help to the inhabitants. It is in order to find out whether there could be presence of any other sector providing health services to the people. This helps to find out whether the inhabitants of the targeted area are really uninsured in terms medical facilities. The process also helps to evaluate the possibility of the community supporting the clinic. It is important to find out how well members will appreciate the project and join hands towards supporting it. Their support could be in terms of volunteering time, donations and even funds towards making the clinic run in the most effective way possible (Hall, 2011). These evaluations in terms of the public participation may also help to find out for how long the clinic is able to run and how effective it could be. In the process of putting up the clinic it is good to access additional support from nearby local hospitals. This helps in seeing to it that the delicate services that may require great skills will possibly be taken care of. Finally, the process must involve a research on the best location for the clinic, where it will be effective to those who need it (Starting a Free Clinic, n.d). These clinics have benefits to the members of the society.

Comparative politics and governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Comparative politics and governance - Essay Example While the United States considers itself the original and best democratic nation, the institutions and basic structure of the government inhibit some of the foundational ideals of democracy. Younger democracies, like Nigeria and Spain, actually come closer to realizing representation of the citizenry. The small-scale direct democracy of classical Athens is often held up as the purest form of democracy. Each citizen in Athenian democracy had a vote, the simplest formulation of â€Å"One man, one vote,† a right which did not extend to women and slaves, and voted directly on issues, policy, and representation (Blackwell 2003). This original democracy is only truly practicable on small scales. With larger populations, such as the 300 million population of the United States (United States Census Bureau 2010), direct democracy is highly impractical, requiring voters to vote on representatives to act in their interests. The way these representatives are elected and represent the will of their constituents is the primary difference between democratic governments. In the United States, power is shared by three separate branches of government, designed to share and check one another to avoid concentration of power in any single branch of the government. The elected representatives of the legislative body are tasked with the crafting of legislation, funding, approving presidential appointments, and declaring war. Representatives of the two houses in the legislature are elected by voters in their district, unlike the president who is elected by electors who are themselves elected in the Presidential race (Leip 2008). On the surface, this may appear to be direct representation, but the United States has a two-party system of democracy, meaning that voters are more often voting for a political party rather than a candidate and his policy platform. Power in a legislative body is shared and wielded by political parties who, more often than not, can act in the best inter est of their party rather than the interest of the voters, regardless of the reasons for which they were elected. This system presents problems for a claim of a true democracy in several ways, one of which being the means by which candidates are selected to run for office in the first place. The political party helps raise funds to run the campaign, a control on who can run in the race before it even starts. Independent or third-party candidates rarely win an election because of the lack of political party support. When they do win, it is almost always because they have name recognition as an established political figure, such as Joseph Lieberman, who won his seat in the Senate as an independent after losing the Democratic primary in 2008 (Joseph I. Lieberman 2011). The voter has, basically, a choice between two candidates, two parties, which does not represent a real choice and may not truly represent the views of the voters. Another problematic aspect of a limited-party system is the gerrymandering of political districts. Once in power, political powers redraw districts to consolidate blocks of voters they know will vote for their party. In a way, this is â€Å"rigging† the election system such that the incumbent, or at least his or her party, is reliably safe in an election, which explains the

Company Analysis of T-mobile Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Company Analysis of T-mobile - Research Paper Example This year, the company acquired MetroPCS which was one of its rival companies (Coll 78). Anyone expects T-Mobile to be doing well in the market considering its investments and plans but this is not the case. In the recent past, the company has been experiencing a number of issues to the extent that spinning off looks a possibility. This situation was not expected considering how good the company was fairing in the market like the recent upgrade of its 3G wireless network, launching of new smartphines, hot marketing and its plans and strategies being of low-cost(Coll 102). Most analysts associate this situation with its parent company in Germany, Deutsche Telkom, which happens to be afraid of taking risks and is also conservative thus mirroring the operation of the company. Considering also the government owns 30% of the company, it controls the operation of the company restricting its operation (Coll 50). A good example is the latest case where the Deutsche Telkom considered a merger with its unit in US, explore an IPO or spin off, but the German carrier turned down the report (Coll 34). Despite the large number of customers T-Mobile enjoys in U.S, it reported a loss of approximately 77, 000 customers as its rivals the AT&T and Version gained millions of wireless customers (Coll 82). This implies that the company is not growing the way it is expected to. The millions of dollars that were invested in upgrading 3G network as well as its smartphones subsidies cannot be justified. Its network has also been regarded as being inferior in comparison to other wireless companies such as Sprint, Verizon and AT&

Philosophy - Practical Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Philosophy - Practical Ethics - Essay Example In this paper I will discuss the moral difference between abortion and infanticide with special reference to the views of Michael Tooley and Mary Anne Warren. Metaphysics is an area of philosophy that deals with questions having to do with the ultimate grounding and nature of things in the world. It is concerned with such diverse topics as the mind/body problem, identity, God, the existence and nature of universals, the existence and nature of the soul, and so on. Thus, the morality of abortion, if it is to be construed as contingent upon the nature of the fetus, is an issue whose resolution depends on which metaphysical view of the human person is correct. Given this, let us take a look at Michael's argument. Although he makes many provocative and interesting claims that deserve a reply, I will focus on a small portion of his essay that I believe is the core of his case. According to Michael, "the first principle of religious liberty is that laws will not be based upon abstract metaphysical speculation, but will be fashioned through the democratic processes in which every perspective is subject to critical analysis (Michael, 2000). Any proposal must be open either to revision or rejection." He then goes on to cite, as an example of what is not speculative metaphysics, the viability standard proposed by the Court in Roe. I will first critique Michael's use and defense of the viability standard and then move on to a general critique of Michael's view of "abstract metaphysical speculation." ... the viability standard in particular, fairly, sensibly, and effectively functions to safeguard the constitutional liberties of pregnant women while recognizing and accommodating the State's interest in potential human life. The viability line reflects the biological facts and truths of fetal development; it marks the threshold moment prior to which a fetus cannot survive separate from the woman and cannot reasonably and objectively be regarded as a subject of rights or interests distinct from, or paramount to, those of the pregnant woman (Michael, 2000). At the same time, the viability standard takes account of the undeniable fact that as the fetus evolves into its postnatal form, and as it loses its dependence on the uterine environment, the State's interest in the fetus' potential human life, and in fostering a regard for human life in general, becomes compelling. Michael's argument for the viability standard is nearly identical to the one presented by Blackmun: Part of the genius in Roe v. Wade (now affirmed in Casey) was putting forward the standard of viability: that stage of development at which the fetus has sufficient neurological and physical maturation to survive outside the womb. Prior to that, the fetus simply is not sufficiently developed as an independent being deserving and requiring the full protection of the law, i.e., a person (Michael, 2000). The notion of viability correlates biological maturation with personal identity in a way that can be recognized and accepted by reasonable people. Michael's use of the viability standard is seriously flawed. First, he praises the Court's legal use of the standard and then employs the standard as a decisive moment at which he believes it is reasonable to say that the fetus becomes a person, even though that is

Cfa Study Outlines Essay Example for Free

Cfa Study Outlines Essay CFA Curriculum/Blue box examples/EOC problems Month 5: Schweser Slides=gt;Take practice exam (8X) BOOT CAMP strongly recommended (Creighton University provides an exceptional LIII Boot Camp—Marc Lefebvre teaches the course and has put together an impressive strategic outline) Question Format Morning: Essay ? Focus on writing key words (study previous actual CFA exam answers and learn what these key words are—just remember that the CFA guideline answers are also considered â€Å"perfect† so don’t think you must include everything stated) ? The morning essay questions are the least correlated with questions from the actual CFA curriculum; therefore, it is absolutely necessary to study past actual CFA Level III exams and familiarize yourself with how they’ll ask questions—you’ll be surprised at how well you may know the material but not quite understand what the questions are asking for Afternoon: Item Set Multiple Choice ? READ THE QUESTION FIRST! 90% of all questions asked follow the item set chronologically (first portion of item set relates to 1st question, 2nd portion relates to 2nd question, etc. First paragraph is usually an introduction that can be skipped to save time) Special emphasis on essay format (master your timing—Individual Investor IPS/Return Calculation should take lt; 10 min). DO NOT rely on year to year correlations in question types—expect ANYTHING to be tested Prior exams are published and are a necessary resource CFA Practice Exam only includes the afternoon item set section; you must take Schweser practice tests/actual prior CFA Level III exams to incorporate the morning session One of your top goals should be to finish the morning session; many candidates have failed due to the inability to finish—you’ll be surprised at how many extra points you can earn just for taking educated guesses CFA Level III exam is by far the most difficult although the material is a breeze. Therefore, you must conceptualize the material rather than rely on pure memorization. Special Note: For Level I candidates, place special emphasis on ethics and portfolio management concepts. An in-depth understanding of both saves time from LII and LIII down the road. Memorize Code Standards and read ALL ethics examples! Portfolio management concepts such as portfolio standard deviation and portfolio variance are recurring concepts that are extremely important for LIII. Taken Directly from the CFA Institute Website

Case Study: Pregnancy Gestational Diabetes

Case Study: Pregnancy Gestational Diabetes Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance of variable severity, with onset or first recognised during pregnancy1. This definition includes women whose blood glucose goes back to normal after giving birth, those with undiagnosed type I or type II diabetes and also those with monogenic diabetic2. GDM is believed to complicate approximately 1% to 5% of all pregnancies and is associated with increased foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality1. The prevalence ranges from less than 1% to more than 10% due to the different populations or ethnic groups being studied and lack of uniformity on diagnostic test employed1. Women from Indian subcontinent have an increased prevalence rate of GDM by eleven fold whereas those from South East Asia have eight fold increased rate3. This is followed by women from Arab or Mediterranean with six fold and Afro-Carribbean women with three fold3. The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus includes increase in maternal insulin resistance, autoimmune ÃŽ ²-cell dysfunction and genetic abnormalities which causing impaired insulin secretion4. Progression of insulin resistance normally starts near the mid-pregnancy throughout the third trimester and progresses to resistance level seen in Type II diabetes4. There are two type of insulin resistance namely physiological insulin resistant and chronic insulin resistant with ÃŽ ²-cell dysfunction. It has been suggested that physiological insulin resistance is contributed by combination of increased maternal adiposity and effects of placental growth hormones4. A study revealed the defects of postreceptor in the insulin-signalling pathway of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue has caused the insulin sensitivity reduction in pregnancy5. The alterations in the pathway reduce the insulin-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle which is a major tissue for glucose disposal5. The inc rease in physiological insulin resistance and alterations in glucose metabolism are believed been influenced by placental growth hormones. This is proven when resistance abates soon after labouring in women with normal glucose tolerance6. Chronic insulin resistance is a condition where patients have ÃŽ ²-cell dysfunction which is presented before pregnancy and exacerbated during pregnancy due to some physiological changes6. Chronic insulin resistance occurred mostly in women with GDM and this had been demonstrated in a study where normal women have higher insulin sensitivity than those with GDM after physiological insulin resistance abates4. It is also believed that obesity play a role in developing insulin resistance since GDM women tend to be obese6. Among the women diagnosed with GDM, a minority of less than 10% of them have presence of cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies and anti-GAD antibodies in their circulation6. These are the markers used to identify the individuals who develop autoimmune diabetes namely Type I diabetes. Patients with autoimmune destruction of pancreatic ÃŽ ²-cells will then have inadequate amount of insulin which leads to hyperglycaemia. This subtype of patients most probably will experience rapid metabolic deterioration after pregnancy due to the autoimmune destructive condition6. Besides autoimmune ÃŽ ²-cells destruction, genetic abnormalities caused by autosomal and mitochondrial DNA mutations also contributed to less than 10% of GDM6. The autosomal mutation, for instance maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) has a dominant inheritance pattern whereas mitochondria DNA mutations has maternal inheritance pattern4, 6. Both of these monogenic forms of diabetic have a younger age onset than non-immune t ype of diabetes and the patients do not suffer from obesity and insulin resistance6. The genes involved in the monogenic diabetes appear to posses a crucial influence on ÃŽ ²-cells regulation which severe enough resulting hyperglycaemic if mutation occurs even with the absence of insulin resistance6. 3.0 Implications 3.1 Maternal implications GDM may implicate either immediate or long term mortality on pregnant women. Studies have demonstrated that GDM has complicated pregnancy by increasing duration of maternal hospitalization, caesarean delivery and also preeclampsia in pregnant women7, 8, 9. Caesarean delivery incidence is increased in GDM pregnancies in order to avoid birth trauma7. Women with GDM are also at increased risk to develop type II diabetes with trials showed that 30% to 50% former GDM women developed diabetes at 3 to 5 years after their delivery10. Women who have GDM with higher BMI are more susceptible to diabetes development. This is demonstrated by a study where approximately 60% of obese women and 30% of lean women during pregnancy have 15 years of prevalence in Type II diabetes11. The study is supported by other studies where maternal obesity plays an important role in developing diabetes later in life12. A considerable number of women with prior GDM were found to share some characteristics of those suffered from metabolic syndrome like elevated triglyceride levels, glucose intolerance, obesity and HDL cholesterol reduction. Women who are diagnosed with impaired glucose tolerance at 6-12 weeks postpartum showed increased triglycerides level and decreased HDL cholesterol as well as systolic blood pressure >140mmHg compared to those with similar BMI and normal glucose tolerance13. Atherosclerosis which is known to be contributed by inflammatory responses also studied in women with GDM with findings showed that hsCRP and interleukin-6, both are inflammatory mediators, were respectively higher in GDM women after 3 months postpartum than in normal subjects14. Studies of women prior GDM on insulin resistance and factors in metabolic syndrome suggest that lipid abnormalities and inflammatory mediators significantly related to cardiovascular threat. 3.2 Foetal and neonatal implications Offspring of mother with GDM have an increased risk of perinatal mortality as well as morbidity which involved hyperbirubinemia, hypoglycaemia, macrosomia, birth trauma, childhood risk of obesity and subsequently type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease15. Improper management of GDM women during pregnancy has contributed to a four fold increasing in perinatal mortality rates11. Approximately 20% of GDM pregnancies are found to be complicated by macrosomia which defined as foetus weight lies above the 90th percentile of gestational age or more than 4000g15, 16. Maternal nutrition is a crucial factor in foetal growth. Excess foetal growth is caused by diabetic intrauterine environment since glucose passes through placenta but maternal insulin unable to cross the placenta17. Besides, increased glucose load in foetal also promotes the growth hormone under influence of developing foetal pancreas and further encourages foetal growth and adiposity17. As a result, shoulder dystocia, a con dition where one of the shoulders being stuck behind mothers pelvic bone, preventing the birth of babys body can occur if foetal weight is above 4000g18. The chance of developing shoulder dystocia is even increased by two to six folds if the growth of the trunk and shoulder is not proportionate18. A study indicated that offspring of GDM women have increased body fat when compared with same weight offspring of controlled healthy women19. Offspring of women with GDM are also found to be on 30% heavier than expected according to their height20. The study also evaluated that there is a strong relationship between pancreas cell activation in diabetic intrauterine environment and childhood obesity, which then predisposes to obesity20. Maternal insulin insensitivity is then believed to associate with foetal overgrowth, predispose to childhood obesity and glucose intolerance. Cardiovascular abnormalities can be another implication on offspring of women with GDM. Diabetes is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and this issue is evaluated and examined in offspring of diabetic pregnancies. The results significantly showed that offspring of the diabetic pregnancies has higher systolic and mean arterial blood pressure, endothelial dysfunction markers as well as cholesterol level compared to offspring of healthy mothers20. 4.0 Screening and diagnosis All pregnant women will undergo universal screening for GDM between 24-28 weeks of gestation and those with high risk of GDM development should perform the screening at first trimester21. Women with high risk of developing GDM refer to those who fulfil one or more risk factors. For instance, over 35 years old, previously diagnosed with GDM or with macrosomic, from high risk populations like American Indian, South-East Asian and Arab, obesity which BMI ≠¥ 30kg/m ², diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome and first degree relative to diabetes3, 21. The screening test is called oral glucose challenge test (OGCT) and carried out where the pregnant women were given a sugary beverage with 50g glucose load to drink21. After an hour, plasma glucose is measured and if the reading is ≠¥10.3 mmol/L, GDM is diagnosed21. If the plasma glucose reading is